When describing Damascus, Mecca, Medina and some other places in the Middle East, Ibn Juzayy clearly copied passages from the 12th-century account by Ibn Jubayr.

Further information can be gathered from travellers such as Benjamin of Tudela and Ibn Jubayr.

Ibn Jubayr a famous traveler from Al-Andalus is known to have met Saladin in Cairo after the abdication of the Fatimid s.

* 1145 – Ibn Jubayr, Muslim geographer, traveler, and poet ( d. 1217 )

* Ibn Jubayr, geographer, traveler and poet ( d. 1217 )

Other references to Indian timber used for shipbuilding is noted in the works of Ibn Jubayr.

According to Ibn Jubayr, under Saladin, Damascus had 20 schools, 100 baths, and a large number of Sufi dervish monasteries.

Arab geographer Ibn Jubayr toured Palestine in 1182 and mentioned az-Zeeb as a large fortress with a village and adjoining lands between Acre and Tyre.

* of the travels of Ibn Jubayr ( 1907, 5th vol.

It is clear that Ibn Juzayy outright copied some long passages ( like the description of Medina ) from the Rihla of Ibn Jubayr.

Al-Bukhari also recorded from Sa ` id bin Jubayr that Ibn ` Abbas said, " Al-Kawthar is the abundant goodness.

Early examples of travel literature include Pausanias ' Description of Greece in the 2nd century CE, and the travelogues of Ibn Jubayr ( 1145 – 1214 ) and Ibn Batutta ( 1304 – 1377 ), both of whom recorded their travels across the known world in detail.

*: The Travels of Ibn Jubayr ( c. 1185 )

Ibn Jubayr ( 1 September 1145 – 1217 ; ) was a geographer, traveler and poet from al-Andalus.

Ibn Jubayr was born in 1145 A. D. in Valencia, Spain.

Ibn Jubayr studied in the town of Játiva where his father worked as a civil servant.

In the introduction to his Rihla Ibn Jubayr explains the reason for his travels.

To expiate his godless act, although forced upon him, Ibn Jubayr decided to perform the duty of Hajj to Mecca.

Ibn Jubayr left Granada and crossed over the Strait of Gibraltar to Ceuta, then under Muslim rule.

Everywhere that Ibn Jubayr travelled in Egypt he was full of praise for the new Sunni ruler, Saladin.

" Ibn Jubayr is, on the other hand, very disparaging of the previous Shi ' a dynasty of the Fatimids.

Of Cairo, Ibn Jubayr notes, are the colleges and hostels erected for students and pious men of other lands by the Sultan Saladin.

The works of Ibn al-Haytham and Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī eventually passed on to Western Europe where they were studied by scholars such as Roger Bacon and Witelo.

Later envoys included Odoric of Pordenone, Giovanni de ' Marignolli, John of Montecorvino, Niccolò de ' Conti, or Ibn Battuta, a Moroccan Muslim traveller, who passed through the present-day Middle East and across the Silk Road from Tabriz, between 1325 – 1354.

Ibn Ishaq's Sīratu Rasūlu l-Lāh, an important early work of sīra, was composed over 100 years after the Prophet's death using oral traditions passed down from his early followers.

It is also argued that Prince Muhammad, the oldest surviving son of Ibn Saud after Faisal, either declined the role of crown prince or was passed over because of his close association with King Saud during the latter's reign.

Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā ( Persian پور سينا Pur-e Sina " son of Sina "; c. 980 – 1037 ), commonly known as Ibn Sīnā or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persian polymath, who wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived.

( The only critical edition of Ibn Sina's autobiography, supplemented with material from a biography by his student Abu ' Ubayd al-Juzjani.

A novel called Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, based on Avicenna's story, was later written by Ibn Tufail ( Abubacer ) in the 12th century and translated into Latin and English as Philosophus Autodidactus in the 17th and 18th centuries respectively.

* For Ibn Sina's life, see Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, translated by de Slane ( 1842 ); F. Wüstenfeld's Geschichte der arabischen Aerzte und Naturforscher ( Göttingen, 1840 ).

However, the rule of the dynasty was relatively short-lived and the Almoravids fell-at the height of their power-when they failed to quell the Masmuda-led rebellion initiated by Ibn Tumart.

Writing three centuries later, Ibn Abi Zar suggested it was chosen early on by Abdallah Ibn Yasin because, upon finding resistance among the Gudala Berbers of Adrar ( Mauritania ) to his teaching, he took a handful of followers to erect a makeshift ribat ( monastery-fortress ) on an offshore island ( possibly Tidra island, in Arguin bay ).

Ibn Idhari wrote that the name was suggested by Ibn Yasin in the " persevering in the fight " sense, to boost morale after a particularly hard-fought battle in the Draa valley c. 1054, in which they had taken many losses.

Ibn Yasin certainly had the ardor of a puritan zealot, his creed was mainly characterized by a rigid formalism and a strict adherence to the dictates of the Qur ' an, and the Orthodox tradition.

With more ardor than depth, Ibn Yasin's arguments were disputed by his audience.

Probably sensing the useful organizing power of Ibn Yasin's pious fervor, he was invited by the Lamtuna chieftain Yahya ibn Umar al-Lamtuni to preach to his people.

An interesting memoir of Abdallatif, written by himself, has been preserved with additions by Ibn Abu-Osaiba ( Ibn Abi Usaibia ), a contemporary.

Upon landing in al-Andalus, Abd al-Rahman was greeted by clients Abu Uthman and Ibn Khalid and an escort of 300 cavalry.

When the latter was surrounded by Umayyad troops, he sued for help to Ibn Hafsun, but the latter was defeated by the besiegers and returned to Bobastro.

The Algarve was dominated completely by a muladí coalition led by Sa ' id ibn Mal, who had expelled the Arabs from Beja, and the lords of Ocsónoba, Yahya ibn Bakr, and of Niebla, Ibn Ufayr.

The nature of " being " has also been debated and explored in Islamic philosophy, notably by Ibn Sina, Suhrawardi, and Mulla Sadra.

Successful recreations have been performed by Anthemius of Tralles ( 6th century AD ), Proclus ( 6th century ) ( who by this means purportedly destroyed the fleet of Vitellus besieging Constantinople ), Ibn Sahl in his On Burning Mirrors and Lenses ( 10th century ), Alhazen in his Book of Optics ( 1021 ), Roger Bacon ( 13th century ), Giambattista della Porta and his friends ( 16th century ), Athanasius Kircher and Gaspar Schott ( 17th century ), the Comte du Buffon in 1740 in Paris, Ioannis Sakas in the 1970s in Greece, and others.