The most famous of his students, Ibn Qayyim, was to share in Ibn Taymiyyah's renewed persecutions.

Iby Taymiyyah's highly intellectual discourse at explaining " The Wise Purpose of God, Human Agency, and the Problems of Evil & Justice " using God's attributes as a means has been illustrated by Dr. Jon Hoover in his work " Ibn Taymiyyah's Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism ".

Although famous for polemic against Islamic philosophy, theology and rationalizing mysticism, Ibn Taymiyyah's positive theological contribution has not been well understood.

What has been called Ibn Taymiyyah's " most famous " fatwā was issued against the Mongols ( or Tatars ), in the Mamluk's war.

Ibn Taymiyyah's views on Ibn Arabi, who ( though a controversial figure ) is often cited as the greatest master of the Islamic gnostic tradition and one of the most influential Islamic thinkers ever, are well-documented.

They may have dealt with the security of his kingdom from the ongoing attacks of the Ibn Mugait brothers.

Then came an even more shocking confession: according to the CIA document, al-Faruq said two senior al-Qaeda officials, Abu Zubaydah and Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi, had ordered him to ' plan large-scale attacks against U. S. interests in Indonesia, Malaysia, ( the ) Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Taiwan, Vietnam and Cambodia.

Nonetheless, Imad al-Din writes the raid was alarming to the Muslims because they were not accustomed to attacks on that sea and Ibn al-Athir adds that the inhabitants had no experience with the Crusaders either as fighters or traders.

Maimonides ' attacks on Ibn al-Dastur may not have been entirely altruistic given the position of Maimonides ' in-laws in competing Yeshivas.

Ibn Falaquera defended the " Guide for the Perplexed " against attacks of anti-Maimonideans.

Beginning in 1915, Ibn Saud signed the " friendship and cooperation " pact with Britain to keep his militia in line and cease any further attacks against their protectorates for whom they were responsible.

Moreover, the Ottomans relied upon the support of Ibn Rashid, the King of Ha ' il whose tribesmen who dominated what is now northern Saudi Arabia and tied down both the Hashemites and the Saud forces with the threat of their raiding attacks.

Even though the Barghawata were subsequently much weakened, they were still able to fend off Almoravid attacks — the spiritual leader of the Almoravids, Ibn Yasin, fell in battle against them ( CE 1058 ).

In 1924, however, in the face of increasing attacks by Ibn Saud, Hussein abdicated his secular titles to his eldest son, Ali bin Hussein, who was to become the last Grand Sharif.

Berab was surprised by the peril in which his undertaking was now placed ; and, embittered by Ibn Habib's personal attacks, he could not adhere to a merely objective refutation, but indulged in personalities.

Saleh Ibn Abdul Rahman Hussayen ( صالح ابن عبدالرحمن حسین ) is a prominent Saudi government official who fell under suspicion following the Sept 11th attacks when it was discovered that three of the hijackers, Hani Hanjour, Khalid Almihdhar, and Nawaf Alhazmi had checked into the Marriott Residence Inn in Herndon, Virginia, the same hotel he was staying at, the night before the attacks.

But, again, we have no real evidence on this from that quarter until the close of the ninth century A.D., when an Arabic scholar, Tabit Ibn Korra ( 836-901 ) is said to have discussed the magic square of three.

In philosophy and the humanities, Jacques Derrida, the father of deconstruction, was born in El Biar in Algiers ; Malek Bennabi and Frantz Fanon are noted for their thoughts on decolonization ; Augustine of Hippo was born in Tagaste ( modern-day Souk Ahras ); and Ibn Khaldun, though born in Tunis, wrote the Muqaddima while staying in Algeria.

Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā ( Persian پور سينا Pur-e Sina " son of Sina "; c. 980 – 1037 ), commonly known as Ibn Sīnā or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persian polymath, who wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived.

( Ibn Sina's major work on philosophy.

A novel called Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, based on Avicenna's story, was later written by Ibn Tufail ( Abubacer ) in the 12th century and translated into Latin and English as Philosophus Autodidactus in the 17th and 18th centuries respectively.

** This is a distinguished work which stands out from, and above, many of the books and articles which have ben written in this century on Avicenna ( Ibn Sīnā ) ( A. D. 980 – 1037 ).

* For a new understanding of his early career, based on a newly discovered text, see also: Michot, Yahya, Ibn Sînâ: Lettre au vizir Abû Sa'd.

Writing three centuries later, Ibn Abi Zar suggested it was chosen early on by Abdallah Ibn Yasin because, upon finding resistance among the Gudala Berbers of Adrar ( Mauritania ) to his teaching, he took a handful of followers to erect a makeshift ribat ( monastery-fortress ) on an offshore island ( possibly Tidra island, in Arguin bay ).

The Lamtuna leaders, however, kept Ibn Yasin on a careful leash, forging a more productive partnership between them.

Most early writers concur in placing it on an island ; so Tukulti-Ninurta II, Assur-nasir-pal, Isidore, Ammianus Marcellinus, Ibn Serapion, al-Istakri, Abulfeda and al-Karamani.

He compiled a survey of mirror configurations in his work on remarkable mechanical devices which was known to Arab mathematicians such as Ibn al-Haytham.

In the early 13th century, Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati, and Ibn al-Baitar ( d. 1248 ) also wrote on botany.

The Moroccan Muslim explorer Ibn Batutta reported that one African king advised him that nearby people were cannibals ( though this may have been a prank played on Ibn Batutta by the king to fluster his guest ).

In 1305, after the issuing of a fatwa by the scholar Ibn Taymiyyah calling for jihad against all non-Sunni Muslims like the Druze, Alawites, Ismaili, and twelver Shiites, al-Malik al-Nasir inflicted a disastrous defeat on the Druze at Keserwan and forced outward compliance on their part to orthodox Sunni Islam.

In the 12th century CE the Andalusian Muslim philosopher and novelist Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail ( known as " Abubacer " or " Ebn Tophail " in the West ) included the theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment in his Arabic philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan in which he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child " from a tabula rasa to that of an adult, in complete isolation from society " on a desert island, through experience alone.

As the title, Doubts on Galen by Rhazes implies, as well as the writings of physicians such as Ibn Zuhr ( Avenzoar ) and Ibn al-Nafis, the works of Galen were not accepted unquestioningly, but as a challengeable basis for further inquiry.

A strong emphasis on experimentation and empiricism led to new results and new observations, which were contrasted and combined with those of Galen by writers such as Rhazes, Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi ( Haly Abbas ), Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi ( Abulasis ), Ibn Sina ( Avicenna ), Ibn Zuhr and Ibn al-Nafis.

In defining Muslim, the mystic Ibn Arabi said:

Theistically-inclined pantheisms include Baruch Spinoza and Ibn Arabi.

Several Sufi saints and thinkers, primarily Ibn Arabi, held beliefs that were somewhat panentheistic.

Twelver Shi ' ism has a panentheistic trend, represented by scholars such as Sayyid Haydar Amuli, Mulla Sadra ( all of whom were influenced by Ibn Arabi ).

However, perhaps Khomeini's biggest influences were yet another teacher, Mirza Muhammad ' Ali Shahabadi, and a variety of historic Sufi mystics, including Mulla Sadra and Ibn Arabi.

* Ibn Arabi, Syrian Sufi philosopher ( d. 1240 )

* November 10 – Ibn Arabi, Andalusian Arab philosopher ( b. 1165 )

The mystic Ibn Arabi ( 1165 – 1240 ) and the poets Ibn al-Jinan ( d. 1214 ) were born in Murcia during this period.

Ibn Arabi suggested: " The Sufi should shut his door against the world for forty days and occupy himself with remembrance of Allah, that is to keep repeating, " Allah, Allah ..." Then, " Almighty God will spread before him the degrees of the kingdom as a test.

Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, considered the greatest epic of Italian literature, derived many features of and episodes about the hereafter directly or indirectly from Arabic works on Islamic eschatology: the Hadith and the Kitab al-Miraj ( translated into Latin in 1264 or shortly before as Liber Scale Machometi, " The Book of Muhammad's Ladder ") concerning Muhammad's ascension to Heaven, and the spiritual writings of Ibn Arabi.

We can mention just a few, such as the those founded by Ibn Arabi and Mulla Sadra.

Sufi philosopher Ibn Arabi described Jesus as " the seal of universal holiness " due to the quality of his faith and " because he holds in his hands the keys of living breath and because he is at present in a state of deprivation and journeying.

This idea resembles the viewpoint of the much later Sufi Ibn Arabi, but no connection between the two is known.

Ibn ‘ Arabī claimed to have met with Khidr three times over the course of his life The first occurred while ` Ibn Arabi was a youth in the service of the king, Shaykh al -‘ Uryabī.

Ibn ` Arabi met Khidr for the second time while he was returning from Tunis.

The year 600 AH witnessed a meeting between Ibn Arabi and Shaykh Majduddīn Isḥāq ibn Yūsuf, a native of Malatya and a man of great standing at the Seljuk court.

Ibn Arabi stayed there only for 12 days because he wanted to visit Mosul to see his friend ‘ Alī ibn ‘ Abdallāh ibn Jāmi ’, a disciple of Qaḍīb al-Bān.

Some 800 works are attributed to Ibn Arabi, although only some have been authenticated.

* The Interpreter of Desires ( Tarjumān al-Ashwāq ) love poetry ( ghazals ) which, in response to critics, Ibn Arabi republished with a commentary explaining the meaning of the poetic symbols.

A recent English translation of Ibn ' Arabī's own summary of the Fuṣūṣ, Naqsh al-Fuṣūṣ ( The Imprint or Pattern of the Fusus ) as well a commentary on this work by ' Abd al-Raḥmān Jāmī, Naqd al-Nuṣūṣ fī Sharḥ Naqsh al-Fuṣūṣ ( 1459 ), by William Chittick was published in Volume 1 of the Journal of the Muhyiddin Ibn ' Arabi Society ( 1982 ).

The only major commentary to have been translated into English so far is entitled Ismail Hakki Bursevi's translation and commentary on Fusus al-hikam by Muhyiddin Ibn ' Arabi, translated from Ottoman Turkish by Bulent Rauf in 4 volumes ( 1985 – 1991 ).

Many scholars of Islam have criticized Ibn Arabi to the extent of declaring him a heretic and also saying that whosoever doubts his kufr is himself a Kafir.