The land on the Arctic Circle is divided among eight countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, the United States ( Alaska ), Canada, Denmark ( Greenland ), and Iceland ( where it passes through the small offshore island of Grímsey ).

* 1980 – Vigdís Finnbogadóttir is elected President of Iceland and becomes the world's first democratically elected female head of state

Abalone is also farmed in Australia, Hawaii, Canada, Chile, France, Iceland, Ireland, Mexico, Namibia, New Zealand, South Africa, Thailand, and the United States.

The arctic fox has a circumpolar range, meaning that it is found throughout the entire Arctic, including the outer edges of Greenland, Russia, Canada, Alaska, and Svalbard, as well as in Subarctic and alpine areas, such as Iceland and mainland alpine Scandinavia.

The arctic fox is the only native land mammal to Iceland.

The town centre is home to a number of high street multiples, including: Greggs, Argos, Specsavers, Wilkinson's, Shoe Zone, Superdrug, Costa Coffee, JJB Sports, Cash Generator, GAME, Poundland, Timpson, Althams Travel, Ladbrokes, Paddy Power, Claire's, Grainger Games, Post Office, Thomas Cook, Thomson, Burton, Holland & Barrett, Dorothy Perkins, Blockbuster, WHSmith, H Samuel, Iceland, Phones 4U, Boots Opticians, Card Factory, Boots, Store Twenty One, Poundworld, Peacocks, B & M Bargains, Wetherspoons and a mix of other shops.

Baldr's death is portrayed in this illustration from an 18th century Iceland ic manuscript.

Freyja's necklace Brisingamen features prominently in Betsy Tobin's novel Iceland, where the necklace is seen to have significant protective powers.

It is widespread practice in the media in the UK ( and elsewhere ) to use the word Europe to mean continental Europe ; that is, " Europe " excludes Britain, Iceland and Ireland ( though the term is sometimes used to refer to the European Union ).

Danish is a mandatory subject in school in the Danish crown territories of the Faroe Islands ( where it is also an official language after Faroese ) and Greenland ( where, however, the only official language since 2009 is Kalaallisut ), as well as the former crown holding of Iceland.

Danish was an official language in Iceland until 1944 but is today still widely used and is a mandatory subject in school.

In addition, Malta was considered an island of North Africa for centuries, while Iceland, though nearer to Greenland ( North America ), is also generally included in Europe.

Expression of belief in huldufólk or " hidden folk ", the elves that dwell in rock formations, is common in Iceland.

Maximum magnitudes along many normal faults are even more limited because many of them are located along spreading centers, as in Iceland, where the thickness of the brittle layer is only about 6 km.

Little is known about them, except that they used the Faroes ( and Iceland ) as a hermitage.

This description " eastman " ( from Norway ) has to be seen together with the description " westman " ( From Ireland / Scotland ) which is to be found in local place-names such as " Vestmanna-havn " i. e. " Irish-mens harbour " in the Faroe Isles, and " Vestmannaeyjar " i. e. " Irish-mens islands " in Iceland.

* The nation itself is the second northernmost country in Europe after Iceland, third place if one considers the Norwegian overseas-territory of Svalbard, an island in the Arctic Ocean, part of Europe.

Finland is the only Nordic country to have joined the Eurozone ; Denmark and Sweden have retained their traditional currencies, whereas Iceland and Norway are not members of the EU at all.

Greenland is located between the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Canada and northwest of Iceland.

In Iceland, the hate speech law is not confined to inciting hatred, as one can see from Article 233 a. in the Icelandic Penal Code, but includes simply expressing such hatred publicly:

The most notable new religious community in Iceland, and in 2003 the fastest-growing one, is the Ásatrúarfélagið, a legally recognized revival of the pre-Christian religion of Iceland.

It is legally possible in Iceland to rework the patronymic into a matronymic, replacing the father's name with the mother's.

The reasons for the waves of immigration were complex and bound to the political situation in Scandinavia at that time ; moreover, they occurred when Viking settlers were also establishing their presence in the Hebrides, Orkney, the Faroe Islands, Ireland, Iceland, Greenland, France ( Normandy ), Russia and Ukraine ( see Kievan Rus ').

* Iceland opened the first commercial hydrogen station in 2003 as part of the country's initiative to implement a hydrogen economy.

According to Alan Ware, Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Finland, France, Greece, Iceland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK retained viable conservative parties into the 1980s.

The last phase of the migrations saw the coming of the Hungarian Magyars and the Viking expansion out of Scandinavia into Europe and the British Isles, as well as Greenland and Iceland.

The term Edda ( Old Norse Edda, plural Eddur ) applies to the Old Norse Poetic Edda and Prose Edda, both of which were written down in Iceland during the 13th century in Icelandic, although they contain material from earlier traditional sources, reaching into the Viking Age.

Eleven minutes after the declaration went into force, the United States de facto recognised the State of Israel, followed by Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's Iran ( which had voted against the UN partition plan ), Guatemala, Iceland, Nicaragua, Romania, and Uruguay.

* 1958 – Iceland expands its fishing zone, putting it into conflict with the United Kingdom, beginning the Cod Wars.

Through retrieval and isotope analysis of marine cores and examination of mollusc growth patterns from Iceland, Patterson et al were able to reconstruct a mollusc growth record at a decadal resolution from the Roman Warm Period through the Medieval Warm Period and into the Little Ice Age

** Lutheranism is forcibly introduced into Iceland, despite the opposition of Bishop Jón Arason.

Meanwhile Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein joined the European Economic Area ( which entered into force on 1 January 1994 ), an organization that allowed European Free Trade Association states to enter the Single European Market.

In the early 1970s, Britain and Iceland almost got into a war over fishing rights after Iceland unilaterally implemented the 200-mile ( 370 km ) fishing limit.

Between 330 and 320 BC he organized an expedition by ship into the Atlantic and as far north as England, and to visit Iceland, Shetland, and Norway.

In addition, the Danes and Norwegians moved west into the Atlantic Ocean, settling on Iceland, Greenland, and the Shetland Isles.

Denmark, however, did not provide much protection to Iceland, which was raided in 1627 by an Ottoman pirate kill fleet that abducted almost 300 Icelanders into slavery, in the episode known as the Turkish Abductions.

The first Icelandic immigrant settlement in present-day North Dakota was in Pembina County in the late 1870s, when a colony of settlers from Iceland moved into the county from the New Iceland homesteads near Lake Winnipeg.

Many of the immigrants came from New Iceland near Lake Winnipeg, along with other Icelanders who moved into the area from colonies in Wisconsin.

Plans are underway to turn Iceland into a 100 % fossil-fuel-free nation in the near future.

One of the largest Holocene eruptions in Iceland was the Hekla 3 ( or H < sub > 3 </ sub >) eruption of ( 950 BC ) ( 1159 BC ) which threw about 7. 3 km < sup > 3 </ sup > of volcanic rock into the atmosphere, placing its Volcanic Explosivity Index ( VEI ) at 5.

Between 1855 and 1860, the arrival of pioneers from Iceland made Spanish Fork into the first permanent Icelandic settlement in the United States.

Flosi bribes Eyjólfr Bölverksson, one of the finest lawyers in Iceland, into taking over the case, while his opponents blackmail Mörðr Valgarðsson into prosecuting, advised by Þórhallr, Njáll's foster-son, who was trained in the law by Njáll, but is kept aways from the proceedings by an infected leg.

It is found in summer throughout Europe north into Scandinavia and Scotland, though not Iceland, and winters in North Africa.

Thorvald Asvaldsson was banished from Norway for manslaughter and went into exile in Iceland accompanied by young Erik.