If, the modulation is called narrowband FM, and its bandwidth is approximately.

If the frequency deviation is held constant and the modulation frequency increased, the spacing between spectra increases.

If the oscillator operates above the audio frequency range (> 20 kHz ), the generator will often include some sort of modulation function such as amplitude modulation ( AM ), frequency modulation ( FM ), or phase modulation ( PM ) as well as a second oscillator that provides an audio frequency modulation waveform.

If there is a ΔA, then a small AC voltage will be present that corresponds to the modulation frequency, ω.

If the modulation rate f is synchronised to the cavity round-trip time τ, then a single pulse of light will bounce back and forth in the cavity.

If the frequency of modulation is matched to the round-trip time of the cavity, then some light in the cavity sees repeated up-shifts in frequency, and some repeated down-shifts.

If there is a predominance of either 90 Hz or 150 Hz modulation, the aircraft is off the centerline.

If the sidebands are out of phase with each other, then phase modulation ( PM ) of the carrier occurs.

If the signals are wideband, this will cause aliasing distortion, so it is common to oversample the operation or low-pass filter the signals prior to ring modulation.

If the frequency of the pulse-width modulation is too low and or the user is very sensitive to flicker, this may cause discomfort and eye-strain, similar to the flicker of CRT displays.

If double-sideband modulation schemes such as QAM, ASK, PSK or OFDM are used, this results in a maximum symbol rate of W symbols / s, and in that the modulation efficiency can not exceed N ( bit / s )/ Hz.

If digital single-sideband modulation is used, the passband signal with bandwidth W corresponds to a baseband message signal with baseband bandwidth W, resulting in a maximum symbol rate of 2W and an attainable modulation efficiency of 2N ( bit / s )/ Hz.

If a forward error correction code is used, the spectral efficiency is reduced from the uncoded modulation efficiency figure.

: Example 6: If a forward error correction ( FEC ) code with code rate 1 / 2 is added, meaning that the encoder input bit rate is one half the encoder output rate, the spectral efficiency is 50 % of the modulation efficiency.

: Example 7: If the SNR is 1 times expressed as a ratio, corresponding to 0 decibel, the link spectral efficiency can not exceed 1 ( bit / s )/ Hz for error-free detection ( assuming an ideal error-correcting code ) according to Shannon-Hartley regardless of the modulation and coding.

If lock-in detection is used, then an A. C. modulation voltage is applied to the D. C. tip-sample bias during the bias sweep and the A. C. component of the current in-phase with the modulation voltage is recorded.

If the source has enough modulation bandwidth, as in the case of a laser diode, the source can be modulated directly.

If the circumstances are faced frankly it is not reasonable to expect this to be true.

If his dancers are sometimes made to look as if they might be creatures from Mars, this is consistent with his intention of placing them in the orbit of another world, a world in which they are freed of their pedestrian identities.

If a work is divided into several large segments, a last-minute drawing of random numbers may determine the order of the segments for any particular performance.

If they avoid the use of the pungent, outlawed four-letter word it is because it is taboo ; ;

If Wilhelm Reich is the Moses who has led them out of the Egypt of sexual slavery, Dylan Thomas is the poet who offers them the Dionysian dialectic of justification for their indulgence in liquor, marijuana, sex, and jazz.

If he is the child of nothingness, if he is the predestined victim of an age of atomic wars, then he will consult only his own organic needs and go beyond good and evil.

If it is an honest feeling, then why should she not yield to it??

If he thus achieves a lyrical, dreamlike, drugged intensity, he pays the price for his indulgence by producing work -- Allen Ginsberg's `` Howl '' is a striking example of this tendency -- that is disoriented, Dionysian but without depth and without Apollonian control.

If love reflects the nature of man, as Ortega Y Gasset believes, if the person in love betrays decisively what he is by his behavior in love, then the writers of the beat generation are creating a new literary genre.

If he is good, he may not be legal ; ;

If the man on the sidewalk is surprised at this question, it has served as an exclamation.

If the existent form is to be retained new factors that reinforce it must be introduced into the situation.

If we remove ourselves for a moment from our time and our infatuation with mental disease, isn't there something absurd about a hero in a novel who is defeated by his infantile neurosis??

If many of the characters in contemporary novels appear to be the bloodless relations of characters in a case history it is because the novelist is often forgetful today that those things that we call character manifest themselves in surface behavior, that the ego is still the executive agency of personality, and that all we know of personality must be discerned through the ego.

If he is a traditionalist, he is an eclectic traditionalist.

If our sincerity is granted, and it is granted, the discrepancy can only be explained by the fact that we have come to believe hearsay and legend about ourselves in preference to an understanding gained by earnest self-examination.

If to be innocent is to be helpless, then I had been -- as are we all -- helpless at the start.

`` If you saw the drama called Rhinoceros '', I said, `` think of the effect it would have on an audience of rhinos when the actor on stage suddenly begins turning into a rhinoceros.

If it failed on occasion to elect its candidates for general state offices by majorities, the failure was due to a lingering remnant of the Know-Nothing party, which called itself the American Republican party.

If it was designed to put me on the spot, it would have to have been written before Peralta ever called me in on the case ''.

If the list is a statistical population, then the mean of that population is called a population mean.

If there is a mixture of only two types of atoms, not counting impurities, such as a copper-nickel alloy, then it is called a binary alloy.

If there are three types of atoms forming the mixture, such as iron, nickel and chromium, then it is called a ternary alloy.

If a description of s, d ( s ), is of minimal length ( i. e. it uses the fewest number of characters ), it is called a minimal description of s. Thus, the length of d ( s ) ( i. e. the number of characters in the description ) is the Kolmogorov complexity of s, written K ( s ).

If a bacterium carries several resistance genes, it is called multidrug resistant ( MDR ) or, informally, a superbug or super bacterium.

If A itself is commutative ( as a ring ) then it is called a commutative R-algebra.

Let ( m, n ) be a pair of amicable numbers with m < n, and write m = gM and n = gN where g is the greatest common divisor of m and n. If M and N are both coprime to g and square free then the pair ( m, n ) is said to be regular, otherwise it is called irregular or exotic.

If the defense makes no attempt to put the baserunner out ( for example, if the catcher doesn't even look his way ), the play is scored as defensive indifference ( also called fielder's indifference ), and no stolen base is credited to the runner.

If f is not a function, but is instead a partial function, it is called a partial operation.

If the amino group is removed from an amino acid, it leaves behind a carbon skeleton called an α-keto acid.

If a let is called, the rally is stopped and replayed with no change to the score.

If the receiver is not ready when the service is delivered, a let shall be called ; yet, if the receiver attempts to return the shuttlecock, he shall be judged to have been ready.

If a player does not lift, his only remaining option is to push the shuttlecock softly back to the net: in the forecourt this is called a netshot ; in the midcourt or rearcourt, it is often called a push or block.

If the player and dealer have the same point total, this is called a " push " and the player typically doesn't win or lose money on that hand.

If F is also surjective, then the Banach space X is called reflexive.

If the auction is passed out, i. e. no bids are made and only four passes are called, the hands are abandoned and the turn to deal passes in rotation.

If appropriate proportions of three primary pigments are mixed, the result reflects so little light as to be called " black ".

Some authors require in addition that μ ( C ) < ∞ for every compact set C. If a Borel measure μ is both inner regular and outer regular, it is called a regular Borel measure.

If μ is both inner regular and locally finite, it is called a Radon measure.

If a player rolls two of the same number, called doubles, that player must play each die twice.

If unaccompanied by depressive counterpart episodes or otherwise general irritability, this behavior is typically called hyperthymia, or happiness, which is, of course, perfectly normal.