But by the 1940s, many of Boas ' anthropologist contemporaries were active in the allied war effort against the " Axis " ( Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan ).

Berlin's previous history as united Germany's capital was strongly connected with Imperial Germany, and more ominously with Nazi Germany.

After the war he became Commander-in-Chief of the British Army of the Rhine ( BAOR ) in Germany and then Chief of the Imperial General Staff.

Finally, in the German Imperial War Council of 8 December 1912 the consensus was that Germany would not be ready for war until at least mid-1914 and passed notes to that effect to the Habsburgs.

Philip Augustus of France defeated an army consisting of Imperial German, English and Flemish soldiers, led by Otto IV of Germany.

* Chickering, Rodger, Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914-1918.

* SMS Elbing, light cruiser of the Imperial Germany Navy

After independence from Russia in 1917, the Finnish Civil War, including interventions by Imperial Germany and Soviet Russia, and failure of the Communist revolution, resulted in the official ban on Communism, and strengthening relations with Western countries.

Finland's foreign politics before this deal had been varied: independence from Imperial Russia with support of Imperial Germany in 1917 ; participation in the Russian Civil War ( without official declaration of war ) alongside the Triple Entente 1918 – 1920 ; a non-ratified alliance with Poland in 1922 ; association with the neutralist and democratic Scandinavian countries in the 1930s ended by the Winter War ( 1939 ); and finally in 1940, a rapprochement with Nazi Germany, the only power able to protect Finland against the expansionist Soviet Union, leading to the Continuation War in 1941.

During World War I and the rise of Germanism, the ( Svecomans ) began covert collaboration with Imperial Germany, and from 1915 – 1917 a " Jäger " ( Jääkärit ) battalion consisting of 1, 900 Finnish volunteers was trained in Germany.

The First Battle of El Alamein ( 1 – 27 July 1942 ) was a battle of the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War, fought between Axis forces ( Germany and Italy ) of the Panzer Army Africa ( Panzerarmee Afrika ) commanded by Field Marshal ( Generalfeldmarschall ) Erwin Rommel, and Allied ( specifically, British Imperial ) forces ( Britain, British India, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand ) of the British Eighth Army commanded by General Claude Auchinleck.

He supervised cultural broadcasts to India to counter propaganda from Nazi Germany designed to undermine Imperial links.

Imperial Germany 1871 – 1918

In the Act of 5th November 1916, the Kingdom of Poland ( Królestwo Regencyjne ) was recreated by Imperial Germany and Austria-Hungary on formerly Russian-controlled territory.

A quickening economic life in Germany increased the number of towns and Imperial cities, and gave them greater importance.

The unification of Germany under Prussian leadership was the defining point for the creation of the Imperial Navy in 1871.

All of the territories subject to League of Nations mandates were previously controlled by states defeated in World War I, principally Imperial Germany and the Ottoman Empire.

Improved designs of mines were created in Imperial Germany, circa 1912, and were copied and manufactured by all major participants in the First World War.

The city was granted a charter in 1274 by Rudolf I of Habsburg, King of Germany, who declared the city an Imperial Free City in 1291 ; nevertheless the bishop of Speyer, a major landowner in the district, seized the city in 1324.

From 1918, camp-type detention facilities were set up, as a reformed analogy of the earlier system of penal labor ( katorgas ), operated in Siberia in Imperial Russia.

Here, the king and the dukes agreed on four bills, commonly referred to as the Reichsreform ( Imperial Reform ): a set of legal acts to give the disintegrating Empire back some structure.

His rule now undisputed, Otto reneged on his earlier promises and now set his sights on reestablishing Imperial power in Italy and claiming even the Kingdom of Sicily.

The D20 system version is set at the time of the Solomani Rim War around year Imperial year 990, about a century before the era depicted in the original game.

* Wang Mang, the power behind the throne, is granted the " Nine Awards of Imperial Favor " — a set of ceremonial robes, sceptres, weapons and privileges bestowed only on those in the most intimate relationship with the emperor.

In 1871, Mussorgsky set about recasting and expanding the opera with enthusiasm, ultimately going beyond the requirements of the directorate of the Imperial Theatres, which called simply for the addition of a female role and a scene to contain it.

The reign of Phocas is also marked by the change of Imperial fashion set by Constantine the Great.

He was the last Imperial antipope, that is, set up by a Holy Roman Emperor.

At Tulln, on the Danube, he joined the Imperial army and they set off for the relief of Vienna.

Milland had a near-fatal accident on the set of Hotel Imperial ( 1939 ).

The script from Saint Martin of Tours was ultimately set as the Imperial standard, named the Carolingian script ( or " the Caroline ").

Although Alexander Stepanovich Popov of the Naval Warfare Institute had built and demonstrated a wireless telegraphy set in 1900, equipment from the firm Telefunken in Germany was initially adopted by the Imperial Russian Navy.

The Imperial Munitions Board set up a number of additional explosives factories in Canada.

* Gillian Bradshaw, a classical scholar, writes historical fiction set in Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, the Duchy of Brittany, the Byzantine Empire, Saka and the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Imperial Rome, Sub-Roman Britain and Roman Britain.

In anticipation of this Imperial visit, the Duke decided to construct the world's highest fountain, and set Paxton to work to build it.

Little more is heard of it during the Republican and Imperial periods, though the action of one of the more significant surviving fragments of the Satyricon of Petronius is set in Croton.

The HBO television series John from Cincinnati was about a dysfunctional surfing family in Imperial Beach set against the backdrop of the U. S .- Mexico border.

Knife manufacturing was a major industry in Ellenville and Napanoch for over 100 years ; the Ulster Knife Company set up in the 1870s, eventually merging with Imperial Knife Company and Schrade Cutlery, finally becoming Imperial Schrade until its closing in 2004.

In the first five novels, set in the era of expansionist Imperial Japan, Mr. Moto is an agent of the empire.

The Imperial troops were forced to redeploy their lines to set up a new front.

One set of 27 diamond stars was kept in the Imperial family ; they are seen in a photograph that shows the dowry of Rudolf's daughter, the Archduchess Elisabeth, known as " Erzsi ", on the occasion of her wedding to Otto Prince Windisch-Graetz in 1902.

The Confucian works in particular have been of key importance to Chinese culture and history, as a set of works known as the Four Books and Five Classics were, in the 12th century CE, chosen as the basis for the Imperial examination for any government post.

Imperial troops set up camp in Frankenthal and Mannheim.