Although besieged on numerous occasions by various peoples, it was taken only in 1204 by the army of the Fourth Crusade, in 1261 by Michael VIII, and in 1453 by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II.

In 1261, warfare continued as the Oeselians had once more renounced Christianity and killed all the Germans on the island.

After a three-month vacancy, Pantaléon was chosen by the eight cardinals of the Sacred College to succeed him in a papal election that concluded on 29 August 1261.

Year 1261 ( MCCLXI ) was a common year starting on Saturday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar.

But in 1261 Boniface held a church council at Lambeth, where a series of ecclesiastical laws were published which denounced any royal limitations on ecclesiastical courts.

The first resolution on the issue, Resolution 1261, was passed in 1999 ( it did not contain references to any earlier resolutions ).

After Michael's conquest of Constantinople on July 25, 1261, John IV was left behind at Nicaea, and was later blinded on Michael's orders on his eleventh birthday, December 25, 1261.

Proclaimed basilica in 1964, it was built by Jacques Pantaléon, elected pope in 1261, under the name of Urbain IV, on grounds where the workshop of his father was.

Braunsberg was granted town privileges based on those of Lübeck in 1254, but was destroyed and depopulated in the second uprising of native Prussians in 1261.

Walter was also prothonotary of the chancery in 1258 ; and on 12 July 1261 Henry III made him chancellor, in place of Nicholas of Ely.

Thus, on 25 July 1261, with most of the Latin troops away on campaign, the Nicaean general Alexios Strategopoulos found an unguarded entrance to the city, and entered it with his troops, restoring the Byzantine Empire for his master, Michael VIII Palaiologos.

For example, the orthodox Catholic position on unbaptized infants is that their fate is uncertain, and " the Church can only entrust them to the mercy of God " ( Catechism of the Catholic Church 1261 ).

Holstein on the other hand, after the death of Adolphus IV in 1261, was split up into several countships by his sons and again by his grandsons ( 1290 ): the lines of Holstein-Kiel ( 1261 – 1390 ), Holstein-Pinneberg and Schaumburg ( 1290 – 1640 ) south of the Elbe, Holstein-Plön ( 1290 – 1350 ), Holstein-Rendsburg ( 1290 – 1459 ), and at times also Holstein-Itzehoe ( 1261 – 1290 ) and Holstein-Segeberg ( 1273 – 1315 ), and again 1397 – 1403 ), all named after the comital residential cities.

* The Byzantine Empire from 1261 until its collapse in 1453 had a flag that had a black double-headed eagle on a field of golden.

The formal treaty was signed on 29 November 1259 ; however, Casimir I delayed in fulfilled the provisions of the agreement, which led in 1261 to a new military expedition.

Blyth is at ( 55. 1261 ,-1. 5138 ), on the coast of North East England, to the south of the River Blyth and is approximately < span style =" white-space: nowrap "></ span > northeast of Newcastle upon Tyne and north of Sunderland.

Pope Alexander IV put Bohemond's case on the agenda of his upcoming council ( as well as the cases of Hetoum I of Armenia, and Daniel of Russia ), but died in 1261, just months before the Council could be convened.

In the following years, those supporting de Montfort, including his circle of Franciscan advisors centered on Adam Marsh, and those loyal to the king grew more and more polarised ; Henry obtained a papal bull in 1261 exempting him from his oath, and both sides began to raise armies, the Royalists under Edward Longshanks, Henry's eldest son.

# Margaret ( 28 February 1261 – 9 April 1283 ), who married King Eirik II of Norway

In 1261, Constantinople was captured from its last Latin ruler, Baldwin II, by the forces of the Nicaean emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus.

** Baldwin II ( 1228 – 1261 )

She further states another tradition that when the last Latin Emperor of Constantinople, Baldwin II, was leaving Constantinople in 1261 he took this original circular portion of the icon with him.

Plaisance died in 1261, but as her son Hugh II was still underage, Cyprus passed to his cousin Hugh of Antioch-Lusignan, whose mother Isabella of Cyprus, Alice of Champagne and Hugh I of Cyprus ' daughter and Hugh II's aunt, took over the regency in Acre.

On 25 July 1261, Michael VIII's general Alexios Strategopoulos captured Constantinople from its last Latin Emperor, Baldwin II.

His literary activity was considerable, his most important work being a Byzantine history in thirteen books, in continuation of that of George Acropolites from 1261 ( or rather 1255 ) to 1308, containing the history of the reigns of Michael and Andronicus II Palaeologus.

An English translation of Books I and II ( up to the recovery of Constantinople in 1261 ), with commentary, exists in the form of a PhD thesis ( author Nathan Cassidy ) held in the Reid Library of the University of Western Australia.

* William II of Agen ( 1261 – 1270 )

In 1261, the Latins ceded Mystras and other forts in the southeastern Peloponnese as ransom for William II, who had been captured in Pelagonia, and Michael VIII Palaeologus made the city the seat of the new Despotate of the Morea.

rect 402 1229 520 1261 Raoul II of Lusignan

She became Queen consort and Queen regent of the Kingdom of Cyprus and acting Regent of the Kingdom of Jerusalem for her son Hugh II of Cyprus until her death in 1261.

Plaisance died at Cyprus in 1261 and the regency of Hugh II passed to Hugh of Antioch-Lusignan, while the regency of Jerusalem passed to her sister-in-law Isabella of Lusignan, who was married to Plaisance's brother and who was the sister of Plaisance's late husband.

Kolín was founded by king Přemysl Otakar II in the 13th century, first mentioned in 1261.

Hugh le Despenser ( 1 March 1261 – 27 October 1326 ), sometimes referred to as " the Elder Despenser ", was for a time the chief adviser to King Edward II of England.

It too, however, was subject to gradual debasement: under the Empire of Nicaea ( 1204 – 1261 ), its gold content fell gradually to 18 carats, under Michael VIII Palaiologos ( r. 1259 – 1282 ) to 15 and under his son and successor Andronikos II Palaiologos ( r. 1282 – 1328 ) to 12 carats.

Henry III made alliances with his relatives, the Dukes of Opole and Głogów, and with the Kings of Bohemia, Wenceslaus I and Ottokar II ( in the years 1251, 1252, 1259, 1261 Henry III was in the royal court in Prague ).

In 1248 AD, the Epirus recognized the Nicaean Emperors, who then recaptured Constantinople in 1261 AD.

Rome itself became too Ghibelline for the Pope, who withdrew to Viterbo, where he died in 1261.

In 1261 he was created Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin by Pope Urban IV, who also appointed him papal prefect in Tuscany and captain of the papal army.

At the cortes of Coimbra ( 1261 ), he further strengthened his position by conciliating the representatives of the cities, who denounced the issue of a debased coinage, and by recognizing that taxation could not be imposed without consent of the cortes.

He was a Roman nobleman who had served under eight Popes, been made cardinal-deacon of St. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano by Pope Innocent IV ( 1243 – 54 ), protector of the Franciscans by Pope Alexander IV ( 1254 – 61 ), inquisitor-general by Pope Urban IV ( 1261 – 64 ), and succeeded Pope John XXI ( 1276 – 77 ) after a six-month vacancy in the Holy See resolved in the papal election of 1277, largely through family influence.

* Constantine Palaiologos ( 1261 – 1306 ), who married Eirene Raoulaina his second cousin

The eldest was Isaakios Doukas Vatatzes ( died 1261 ), who married and had two children: Ioannes Vatatzes ( born 1215 ), who married to Eudokia Angelina and had two daughters Theodora Doukaina Vatatzaina, wife of Michael VIII Palaiologos, and Maria Vatatzaina, married to Michael Doukas Glabas Tarchaneiotes, Military Goveror of Thrace ; and a daughter, married to Konstantinos Strategopoulos.

Between 1257 and 1261 it was the seat of Pope Alexander IV, who also died there.

In 1261, he gave shelter to David VII Ulu, who in his turn had attempted to end the Mongol dominance.

When the eastern Empire was restored in 1261 at Constantinople, it was a family closely related to the Komnenoi, the Palaiologos family, who were the imperial house.

There was a tradition-not borne out, however, by any tangible evidence or confirmation and quite possibly invented by the Earl of Cromartie-that the family deduced its descent from a member of the House of Geraldine, in Ireland ( whence sprang the noble families of Leinster, Desmond, & c .), who, with a considerable number of his followers, was stated to have settled in Scotland about the year 1261 and to have so powerfully aided King Alexander III in repelling the invasion of Haco, King of Norway.

1261 – 1275 ), who worked with magic squares of order as high as ten.

* the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Emperors, who ruled from 330 to 1204 and from 1261 to 1453.

The earliest extant Chinese illustration of ' Pascal's Triangle ' is from Yang's book Xiangjie Jiuzhang Suanfa ( 详解九章算法 ) of 1261 AD, in which Yang acknowledged that his method of finding square roots and cubic roots using " Yang Hui's Triangle " was invented by mathematician Jia Xian who expounded it around 1100 AD, about 500 years before Pascal.

In 1261, he gave shelter to David VII Ulu, who in his turn had attempted to end the Mongol dominance.

Ahi Evren ( 1169 – 1261 ) was believed to be the Turkish Muslim preacher who came Trabzon in Empire of Trebizond times and extended Islam there.