In 1603, the English historian Richard Knolles described the Ottomans as " the present terror of the world " and by the mid-19th century, Tsar Nicholas I of Russia described it as " the sick man of Europe ", a term by which it was to become stigmatised despite the same term being used for a number of European states ( including Italy and Scotland ).

* First Quarto ( Q1 ) In 1603 the booksellers Nicholas Ling and John Trundell published, and Valentine Simmes printed the so-called " bad " first quarto.

Through most of 1603, Kepler paused his other work to focus on optical theory ; the resulting manuscript, presented to the emperor on January 1, 1604, was published as Astronomiae Pars Optica ( The Optical Part of Astronomy ).

He is most famous for his star atlas Uranometria Omnium Asterismorum, first published in 1603 in Augsburg and dedicated to two prominent local citizens.

Dowland published two books of songs after the First Book of Songs, in 1600 and 1603, as well as the Lachrymae in 1604.

The German traveler Hieronymus Megiser includes a list of Maltese words in his Thesaurus Polyglottus ( published in 1603 ), and also in his more celebrated work Propugnaculum Europae, published in 1606.

The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written in approximately 1603, and based on the Italian short story Un Capitano Moro (" A Moorish Captain ") by Cinthio, a disciple of Boccaccio, first published in 1565.

From 1593 through 1603, the publication of new plays appeared at the rate of two per year, and whenever an inferior or pirated text was published, it was typically followed by a genuine text described on the title page as " newly augmented " or " corrected ".

The first system comes from the German astronomer Johann Bayer's ( 1572 – 1625 ) Uranometria published in 1603 and is for bright stars.

* Franciscus Vieta ( 1540 – 1603 ) published In Artem Analycitem Isagoge ( 1591 ), which gave the first symbolic notation of parameters in literal algebra.

* William Gilbert ( 1544 – 1603 ) published On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies, and on the Great Magnet the Earth in 1600, which laid the foundations of a theory of magnetism and electricity.

Like Gesner, Ulisse Aldrovandi, an encyclopedic naturalist began a 14-volume natural history with three volumes on birds, entitled ornithologiae hoc est de avibus historiae libri XII which was published from 1599 to 1603.

Other possible sources are the anonymous play King Leir ( published in 1605 ); A Mirror for Magistrates ( 1574 ), by John Higgins ; The Malcontent ( 1604 ), by John Marston ; The London Prodigal ( 1605 ); Arcadia ( 1580 – 1590 ), by Sir Philip Sidney, from which Shakespeare took the main outline of the Gloucester subplot ; Montaigne's Essays, which were translated into English by John Florio in 1603 ; An Historical Description of Iland of Britaine, by William Harrison ; Remaines Concerning Britaine, by William Camden ( 1606 ); Albion's England, by William Warner, ( 1589 ); and A Declaration of egregious Popish Impostures, by Samuel Harsnett ( 1603 ), which provided some of the language used by Edgar while he feigns madness.

Facsimile of the title page of Measure for Measure from the First Folio, published in 1623Measure for Measure is a play by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written in 1603 or 1604.

Facsimile of the first page of Antony and Cleopatra from the First Folio, published in 1623. Many scholars believe it was written in 1606 – 07, although some researchers argue for an earlier dating, around 1603 – 04.

In 1603 the antiquarian William Camden published an edition of Asser's Life in which there appears a story of a community of scholars at Oxford, who were visited by Grimbald:

Around this time, Jones also learnt how to speak Italian fluently and obtained an Italian copy of Andrea Palladio ’ s I quattro libri dell ' architettura ( first published in 1570 ): all indicating that Jones made his first formative trip to Italy between 1598 – 1603, possibly funded by Roger Manners, 5th Earl of Rutland.

In Johann Bayer's celestial atlas Uranometria, published in 1603, he named the smaller cloud, Nubecula Minor.

This would explain why the play was not included in the First Folio of Shakespeare's works, which was published after the Scottish King James had succeeded to the English throne in 1603.

* William Shakespeare-Hamlet published ( second quarto, a " good " quarto as opposed to the 1603 " bad quarto ", Q1 )

Tomaso Cecchini, from Verona, who spent his entire working life ( 1603 – 44 ) as a choirmaster, organist and composer in Split and Hvar, published his madrigals Armonici concetti, libro primo ( 1612 ) as the oldest Baroque collection written for the Croatian milieu.

The only published text of Pericles, the 1609 quarto ( all subsequent quartos were reprints of the original ), is manifestly corrupt ; it is often clumsily-written and incomprehensible and has been interpreted as a pirated text reconstructed from memory by someone who witnessed the play ( much like theories surrounding the 1603 " bad quarto " of Hamlet ).

Several surviving references indicate that such a play was well-known throughout the decade of the 1590s, some time before the first published texts of Shakespeare's play ( 1603, 1604 ).

Historically, this proceeded from the labours of Jean de Launoy ( 1603 – 1678 ), " le dénicheur des saints ", and Louis Sébastien le Nain de Tillemont, who had shown the falsity of numerous lives of the saints ; while theologically it was produced by the Port Royal school, which led men to dwell more on communion with God as contrasted with the invocation of the saints.

On Elizabeth's death in 1603, the 1559 book, substantially that of 1552 which had been regarded as offensive by the likes of Bishop Stephen Gardiner as being a break with the tradition of the Western church, had come to be regarded in some quarters as unduly Catholic.

Of the famine in Povolzhie ( 1921 – 1922 ) he wrote: " That horrible famine was up to cannibalism, up to consuming children by their own parents — the famine, which Russia had never known even in Time of Troubles 1601 – 1603 ..."

Constantine's reign of 43 years, exceeded in Scotland only by that of King William the Lion before the Union of the Crowns in 1603, is believed to have played a defining part in the gaelicisation of Pictland, in which his patronage of the Irish Céli Dé monastic reformers was a significant factor.

It was the seat of power for the Tokugawa shogunate, which ruled Japan from 1603 to 1868.

Some other previous outbreaks of the plague in England were the 1603 plague, which killed 30, 000 Londoners ; the 1625 plague, when some 35, 000 died, and the 1636 plague, when some 10, 000 died.

Several assassination attempts were made on James, notably the Main Plot and Bye Plots of 1603, and most famously, on 5 November 1605, the Gunpowder Plot, by a group of Catholic conspirators, led by Sir Robert Catesby, which caused more antipathy in England towards the Catholic faith.

Extremely cold summers ( 1601 – 1603 ) wrecked crops, which led to the Russian famine of 1601 – 1603 and increased the social disorganization.

As the play appears to celebrate King James's ancestors and the Stuart accession to the throne in 1603 ( James believed himself to be descended from Banquo ), scholars say that the play is unlikely to have been composed earlier than 1603 and suggest that the parade of eight kings — which the witches show Macbeth in a vision in Act IV — is a compliment to King James.

His third oldest son, Yahya, is of interest to some because he reportedly converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity and campaigned for a good part of his life to gain the Ottoman Imperial throne, to which his younger brother Ahmed I succeeded to in 1603.

The will of a William Latewise who died in 1603 in Goosnargh – part of the parish of Kirkham – which states he was " of Culcheth in the parish of Winwick ".

The Academy has its origins in the Accademia dei Lincei (" Academy of Lynxes ") established in Rome in 1603, under Pope Clement VIII by the learned Roman prince, Federico Cesi ( 1585 – 1630 ), who was a young botanist and naturalist, and which claimed Galileo Galilei as its president.

Although Franciscus Vieta ( 1540 – 1603 ) gave the first notation of modern algebra, John Napier ( 1550 – 1617 ) invented logarithms, and Edmund Gunter ( 1581 – 1626 ) created the logarithmic scales ( lines, or rules ) upon which slide rules are based.

In 1603 the Spanish began to introduce cattle, which became a source of wealth in the region.

In 1603 the Spanish began to introduce cattle, which became a source of wealth in the region.

The Romans called it ’’ Portus Dubris ’’; the modern name was in use at least by the time Shakespeare wrote King Lear ( between 1603 and 1606 ), in which the town and its cliffs play a prominent role.

Despite uncertainty about the single origin of yakuza organizations, most modern yakuza derive from two classifications which emerged in the mid-Edo Period ( 1603 – 1868 ): tekiya, those who primarily peddled illicit, stolen or shoddy goods ; and bakuto, those who were involved in or participated in gambling.

Between 1603 and 1868 there were, according to one authority, at least 130 famines, of which 21 were widespread and serious.

Traditional Japanese origami, which has been practiced since the Edo era ( 1603 – 1867 ), has often been less strict about these conventions, sometimes cutting the paper or using nonsquare shapes to start with.