A Scottish Civil War began in September 1644 with his victory at battle of Tippermuir.

In 1644, the 25, 000-strong Scottish and Parliament Armies, led by the Earl of Manchester, laid siege to the city of York.

In 1644 the 25, 000 strong Scottish and Parliament Armies, led by the Earl of Manchester, laid siege to the city of York.

With the support of Essex and the Scottish commissioners Holles endeavoured in December 1644 to procure Cromwell's impeachment as an incendiary between the two nations, and " passionately " opposed the self-denying ordinance.

** Alexander Leighton, Scottish pamphleteer ( died c. 1644 )

He rose to become a commander of the Scottish army from 1644 to 1646 and fought for the Solemn League and Covenant, which bound both the Scottish and English parliaments together against the Royalist forces in the Three Stuart Kingdoms.

In 1644 the Irish Confederate Supreme Council decided to vote for Castlehaven as the commander of a 6, 000 strong expedition force in a push against the Ulster Scottish army under Robert Monro.

In 1644 During the English Civil War, Parliament's Scottish Covenanter allies to aid their ongoing siege of Newcastle, captured the town ( and its small fortification close to the site of the Roman fort but no longer standing ) in a bid to control the mouth of the River Tyne and caused the Royalist force to flee south, leading to the Battle of Boldon Hill.

In January 1644, he accompanied the Scottish army into England as a member of the Committee of Both Kingdoms and in command of a troop of horse, but was soon compelled, in March, to return to suppress royalists in the Scottish Civil War and to defend his own territories.

* 1644 – 1645 – The string of victories by the Scottish general, James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose, in 1644 – 1645 during the English or British (?

Leslie was second in command of the Scottish armies who were sent to fight for the English Parliament from 1644 and had won the day at the critical Battle of Marston Moor, west of York, for a wounded Oliver Cromwell, leading a cavalry charge that defeated the Royalist Cavaliers.

In 1644 the Scottish Parliament appointed him Steward of Kirkcudbrightshire, and subsequently he was present at the Battle of Philiphaugh with his regiment, where, by their gallantry they greatly contributed towards the victory of the Scottish forces.

The Wars included the Bishops ' Wars of 1639 and 1640, the Scottish Civil War of 1644 – 45 ; the Irish Rebellion of 1641, Confederate Ireland, 1642 – 49 and the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland in 1649 ( collectively the Eleven years war or Irish Confederate Wars ); and the First, Second and Third English Civil Wars of 1642 – 46, 1648 – 49 and 1650 – 51.

Troops from England and Scotland fought in Ireland, and Irish Confederate troops mounted an expedition to Scotland in 1644, sparking the Scottish Civil War.

* 1644: Scottish Civil War started by the Scottish Royalist Montrose, with the aid of Irish Confederate troops under Alasdair MacColla, including the Scots-Irish forces serving under Manus O ' Cahan

It was first created in 1644 when the Scottish soldier and diplomat Patrick Ruthven, 1st Earl of Forth, was made Earl of Brentford, in the County of Middlesex.

In 1644 the Scottish army crossed the border in support of the Parliamentarians and 40, 000 Scottish troops besieged Newcastle for three months until the garrison of 1, 500 surrendered.

* Alexander Leighton ( 1587 – 1644 ), Scottish physician and infamous puritan pamphleteer

It sat until 1644 when Parliament and their new Scottish allies agreed to replace it with the Committee of Both Kingdoms.

The castle was taken by Parliamentarian troops in 1644 during the Civil War, and largely destroyed in 1648 not as the result of warfare, but because of an order from Parliament to dismantle all Royalist castles.

* 1644 – Bolton Massacre by Royalist troops under the command of the Earl of Derby.

After capturing Beijing in 1644 and as the Manchu rapidly gained control of large tracts of former Ming territory, the relatively small Banner armies were further augmented by the Green Standard Army, which eventually outnumbered Banner troops three to one.

But they was occupied by Swedish troops in 1644, and since that lost to Sweden.

At Marston Moor ( 2 July 1644 ) Lambert's own regiment was routed by the charge of Goring's horse ; but he cut his way through with a few troops and joined Oliver Cromwell on the other side of the field.

Through effective military organizations that integrated cavalry, chariots, archery, shields, artillery ( cannons carried on the back of camels ), and amphibious troops for combats on the land and water, the Xia army maintained a powerful stance in opposition to the Song, Liao ( 916-1125 ), and Jin ( 1115 – 1234 ) empires to its east, the last of which was founded by the Jurchens, who were the predecessors of the Manchus to found the Qing Dynasty ( 1644 – 1912 ) later.

In March 1644, Hinckley was occupied by a group of Royalist troops, though they were soon driven out by a force of Parliamentarians, who took many prisoners.

During the English Civil War the town was a Parliamentarian outpost in a staunchly Royalist region, and as a result Bolton was stormed by 3, 000 Royalist troops led by Prince Rupert of the Rhine in 1644.

There was a parliamentary garrison in the town which was twice unsuccessfully attacked but on 28 May 1644 Prince Rupert's army along with troops under the Earl of Derby attacked again.

By April, 1644, after two years of war, Cromwell's unit had grown into a " double " regiment of no less than 14 troops.

On 20 November 1644, Bensheim was occupied by French and Swedish troops, who were driven out again on 2 December by Bavarian units.

On 22 October 1644 Powis Castle was captured by Parliamentary troops and was not returned to the family until the restoration of Charles II.

The original Green Standard troops were the soldiers of the Ming commanders who surrendered to Qing in 1644 and after.

In September 1644, the castle and the town were taken by French soldiers after a 10-day siege ; the following month, Cologne troops attacked them and forced them to retreat to the castle with heavy losses.

It is believed that Prince Rupert of the Rhine gathered his troops in Westhoughton before the attack and ensuing massacre at Bolton in 1644.

The Thirty Years ' War devastated Mohelnice – in 1623 it was plundered by Swedish troops and over 30 % of the inhabitants died either from enemy attacks or plague which returned in 1642, 1643, 1644 and 1647.

Shrewsbury was forced to surrender in 1644, and the royalist strongholds of Ludlow and Bridgnorth were captured in 1646., the latter after a four weeks ' siege, during which the governor burnt part of the town for defence against Parliamentary troops.

In the 17th century Hockenheim was severely devastated twice by French troops, 1644 in the Thirty Years ' War and 1674 in the Franco-Dutch War.

In September 1644 Castle Dore was used by Royalist troops during the Battle of Lostwithiel in the English Civil War.

The Scottish Royalists, aided by Irish troops, had a rapid series of victories in 1644 – 45, but were eventually defeated by the Covenanters.

His troops, ( both Irish survivors of the 1644 expedition and Scottish Highlanders ) were split up and assigned to the Leinster and Munster armies, with Mac Colla attached to the latter.

In November 1644 during the Thirty Years ' War, Swedish troops defeated an Imperial army nearby.