He was a close relative of Flora MacDonald, who played a key role in the escape of Prince Charles Edward Stuart after the failure of the 1745 Rising.

In 1744 he was elected to the position of Warden of the Company of Barber-Surgeons, and had a role in the separation of the surgeons from the barbers and to the creation of the independent Company of Surgeons in 1745, an organisation that would become later the famous Royal College of Surgeons of England.

Until then Stretford " remained in the background of daily life in England ", except for a brief cameo role during the Jacobite rebellion of 1745, when Crossford Bridge was destroyed to prevent a crossing by Bonnie Prince Charlie's army during its abortive advance on London ; the bridge was quickly rebuilt.

David Garrick in the role of Richard III, in Colley Cibber's adaptation of Shakespeare's play, painted in 1745 ( but acted in 1743 ) by William Hogarth.

The Macphersons played an active role at the beginning of the rebellion and even fought at the Clifton Moor Skirmish in 1745.

Since the suppression of Jacobitism in 1745, the army has played little role in British domestic politics ( except for the Curragh mutiny ), and, other than in Ireland, has seldom been deployed against internal threats to the state ( one notorious exception being the Peterloo Massacre ).

He continued alone in the role of Academy director after Miani left Denmark in 1745, and until architect Nicolai Eigtved took full control over the Academy.

Juan Manuel de Ayala y Aranza ( 28 December 1745 – 30 December 1797 ) was a Spanish naval officer who played a significant role in the European exploration of California, since he and the crew of his ship the San Carlos are the first Europeans known to have entered the San Francisco Bay.

In 1745 Cumberland was given the honorary title of Captain-General of the British land forces and in Flanders became Commander-in-Chief of the allied British, Hanoverian, Austrian and Dutch troops despite his inexperience.

He retired from command of the army in Flanders at his own request on account of his advancing years in September 1743 and retired as Commander-in-Chief of the Forces to make way for General Wade in 1745.

After 1745 recruits were increasingly drawn from Scotland ; by the mid-1760s between one fifth and one third of officers were from Scotland.

In his Essay Upon Several Subjects Concerning British Antiquities, written just after the Jacobite rising of 1745 he described how the politics of Scotland were not based on loyalty to Kings or Queens as Jacobites had said but on royal land grants given in return for loyalty.

On 21 September 1745, he defeated the only government army in Scotland at the Battle of Prestonpans.

Scoular Anderson has written a humorous history of Scotland in two volumes: 1314 and All That and 1745 and All That.

As one of the most important fortresses in the Kingdom of Scotland, Edinburgh Castle was involved in many historical conflicts, from the Wars of Scottish Independence in the 14th century, up to the Jacobite Rising of 1745, and has been besieged, both successfully and unsuccessfully, on several occasions.

Up until 1745 a sequence of Jacobite risings threatened the Crown in Scotland, culminating in the rebellion in 1745.

The obverse has a left-facing bust of the king with the legend ( between 1740 and 1745 ), while the reverse features a single large crowned shield with the quarters containing the arms of England + Scotland, France, Hanover, and Ireland, and the legend -- King of Great Britain, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, Duke of Brunswick and Lueneburg, Arch-Treasurer and Elector of the Holy Roman Empire.

He became a Church of Scotland ( Presbyterian ) minister at Beith, Ayrshire ( 1745 – 1758 ), where he married Elizabeth Montgomery of Craighouse.

Another tale is that during the 1745 Rebellion a soldier on his way back to Scotland during the 1745-6 retreat from England wrote this song.

The post of Secretary of State for Scotland existed briefly after the Union of the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England in 1707 till the Jacobite rising of 1745.

In 1745 the Jacobite Rising broke out in Scotland, and had soon spread to northern England.

By late 1745 he had rallied all the southern militias and regular forces, and the Jacobites withdrew to northern Scotland where they were defeated at Culloden in 1746.

After the Jacobite rebellions of 1715 and 1745, harsh laws providing, amongst other things, for disarming the Highlands of Scotland, were enacted by the Parliament of Great Britain: the Disarming Acts of 1716 and 1725, and the Act of Proscription 1746.

During 1745 13 provincial ' foot regiments and two horse regiments, the 67th to the 79th, were raised by the nobility of England for service in the Jacobite Rebellions in Scotland.

In 1745, Prince Charles Edward ( popularly known as Bonnie Prince Charlie ) landed in Scotland, seeking to restore the Stuarts to the British throne.

He soon went to Scotland with the Sixth Regiment to suppress the Jacobite Rising of 1745.

He had previously been mixed up in several Jacobite plots, and in 1745 accompanied Charles Edward to Scotland, serving as aide-de-camp at the battle of Falkirk ( January 1746 ).

While undertaking this commission, which included preparing designs for new bridges and fortifications, he began producing watercolour landscapes documenting the changes in Scotland after the 1745 rebellion, and sketches of Scottish events such as the hanging in Edinburgh of soldier-turned-forger John Young in 1751.

Pasquin says that he was appointed draughtsman to the chief engineer of Scotland, in which capacity he was at Fort William in the highlands when the Young Pretender landed, and was the first person to convey intelligence of the event to the government in 1745.

However, after a composite Irish detachment from the French Army ( drawn from each of the regiments comprising the Irish Brigade and designated as " Irish Picquets ") was used to support the Jacobite Rising of 1745 in Scotland, the British realised the dangers of this policy and banned recruitment for foreign armies in Ireland.

Many other exiled Jacobites in the French army were captured en route to Scotland in late 1745 and early 1746, including Charles Radcliffe, 5th Earl of Derwentwater, a captain in Dillon's regiment who was executed in London in 1746.

* The Jacobite rising of 1745 begins when Bonnie Prince Charlie invades Scotland and defeats the British at the Battle of Prestonpans.

* 1745 – Battle of Prestonpans: A Hanoverian army under the command of Sir John Cope is defeated, in ten minutes, by the Jacobite forces of Prince Charles Edward Stuart

On 21 September 1745 at the Battle of Prestonpans a surprise attack planned by Lord George Murray routed the government forces, as celebrated in the Jacobite song Hey, Johnnie Cope, Are Ye Waking Yet ?.

1745 caricature believed to be of General John Cope

* John Cope ( British Army officer ), British ( Hanoverian ) General during the 1745 Jacobite Uprising

Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Gerolamo Umberto Volta ( 18 February 1745 – 5 March 1827 ) was an Italian physicist known for the invention of the battery in the 1800s.

Volta was born in Como, Italy on 18 February 1745.

The scale was inverted in 1745 by Carl Linnaeus, one year after Celsius ' death from tuberculosis.

In 1745, a year after his death, the scale was reversed by Carl Linnaeus to facilitate more practical measurement.

The Farquharsons were Jacobite sympathisers, and James Farquharson of Balmoral was involved in both the 1715 and 1745 rebellions, and was wounded at the Battle of Falkirk in 1746.

Although Louisbourg was captured by New Englanders with British naval assistance in 1745 and by the British again in 1758, Île Royale remained formally part of colonial France until it was ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Paris in 1763.

In 1745 a daughter, Angélique-Françoise, was born, but she died in 1746.

During the 1745 Jacobite Rebellion, Hume tutored the Marquis of Annandale ( 1720 – 92 ), who was officially described as a " lunatic ".

Avicenna also " described diabetes insipidus very precisely for the first time ", though it was later Johann Peter Frank ( 1745 – 1821 ) who first differentiated between diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus.

The idea that even if the animal were conscious nothing would be added to the production of behavior, even in animals of the human type, was first voiced by La Mettrie ( 1745 ), and then by Cabanis ( 1802 ), and was further explicated by Hodgson ( 1870 ) and Huxley ( 1874 ).

The pastel by Liotard was sold in 1745 by Algarotti to Dresden.

La Fontaine's model was subsequently emulated by England's John Gay ( 1685 – 1732 ); Poland's Ignacy Krasicki ( 1735 – 1801 ); Italy's Lorenzo Pignotti ( 1739 – 1812 ) and Giovanni Gherardo de Rossi ( 1754 – 1827 ); Serbia's Dositej Obradović ( 1742 – 1811 ); Spain's Félix María de Samaniego ( 1745 – 1801 ) and Tomás de Iriarte y Oropesa ( 1750 – 1791 ); France's Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian ( 1755 – 94 ); and Russia's Ivan Krylov ( 1769 – 1844 ).

Francis was a son of the future Emperor Leopold II ( 1747 – 1792 ) and his wife Maria Luisa of Spain ( 1745 – 1792 ), daughter of Charles III of Spain.

It was recorded as being sung in London theatres in 1745, with, for example, Thomas Arne writing a setting of the tune for the Drury Lane Theatre.

In 1745 the city was captured by French forces during the War of the Austrian Succession before being returned to Austria following the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.

In 1745, when he was 16, Cook moved to the fishing village of Staithes, to be apprenticed as a shop boy to grocer and haberdasher William Sanderson.

Educated at Wolverhampton Grammar School, he was apprenticed in 1779 to Sir Charles Blicke ( 1745 – 1815 ), a surgeon at St Bartholomew's Hospital, London.

It was invented independently by German cleric Ewald Georg von Kleist on 11 October 1745 and by Dutch scientist Pieter van Musschenbroek of Leiden ( Leyden ) in 1745 – 1746.

It was a tale of the Jacobite rising of 1745.

It lies at a distance of about 13, 000 light-years from Earth and was first discovered by the French astronomer Philippe Loys de Chéseaux in the year 1745 or 1746.

Repeated hat-raising was impractical if heavy helmets or hats with chinstraps ( such as shakos and bearskins ) were worn, so from about 1745 the gesture was stylised to a mere hand movement.