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In 1781, Dashwood's nephew Joseph Alderson ( an undergraduate at Brasenose College, Oxford ) founded the Phoenix Society ( later known as the Phoenix Common Room ), but it was only in 1786 that the small gathering of friends asserted themselves as a recognised institution.
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1781 and Dashwood's
The Phoenix was established in honour of Sir Francis, who died in 1781, as a symbolic rising from the ashes of Dashwood's earlier institution, and to this day the dining society abides by many of its predecessor's tenets.
After the demise of the Hellfire Club and Sir Francis Dashwood's death in 1781, the caves were disused from 1780 to the late 1940s, and fell into disrepair.
1781 and nephew
His nephew Walter Ruddiman ( 1719 – 1781 ) also from Banff, similarly established a successful business in Edinburgh as a printer and publisher.
In 1781 he was made Baron Conyngham, of Mount Charles in the County of Donegal, with remainder to his nephew Francis Burton, and Earl Conyngham, of Mount Charles in the County of Donegal, which like the creations of 1753 and 1756 was created with normal remainder to the heirs male of his body.
Lord Conyngham was childless and on his death in 1781 the barony of 1753, the viscountcy and earldom became extinct while he was succeeded in the barony of 1781 according to the special remainder by his aforementioned nephew Francis.
* James Lundin, after 1760, Drummond, 7th Duke of Perth ( 1707 – 1781 ), 1st Duke's grand-nephew by elder nephew
* Karl Friedrich Lessing ( 1808 – 1880 ), German painter, son of Carl Friedrich Lessing ( 1778 – 1848 ) and great nephew of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing ( 1729 – 1781 )
* Dr Christian Friedrich Lessing ( 1809 – 1862 ) physician, botanist, writer, son of Carl Friedrich Lessing ( 1778 – 1848 ) and great nephew of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing ( 1729 – 1781 )
* Carl Louis Gotthold Ludwig Lessing ( 1817-1897 ), modelmaker / designer, wine grower and lecturer, son of Carl Friedrich Lessing ( 1778 – 1848 ) and great nephew of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing ( 1729 – 1781 )
* Carl Robert Lessing ( 1827-1895 ) publicist, owner of the Vossische Zeitung and Schloss Meseberg, son of Carl Friedrich Lessing ( 1778 – 1848 ) and great nephew of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing ( 1729 – 1781 )
* Kolja Lessing ( 1961 ) five times great nephew of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing ( 1729 – 1781 ) German pianist, violinist, composer and music professor at the Stuttgart Musik Hochschule.
Henley was born 25 February 1781 at Williamsburg, Virginia, the son of Leonard and Elizabeth Dandridge Henley and the nephew of Martha Dandridge Custis Washington.
His nephew and namesake ( 1753 – 1799 ), who inherited a large cabinet de physique from his great uncle, published Deparcieux's Traité des annuite's ou des rentes à vie in 1781.
1781 and Joseph
The Battle of the Chesapeake, also known as the Battle of the Virginia Capes or simply the Battle of the Capes, was a crucial naval battle in the American War of Independence that took place near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay on 5 September 1781, between a British fleet led by Rear Admiral Sir Thomas Graves and a French fleet led by Rear Admiral François Joseph Paul, comte de Grasse.
On 22 October 1781, the queen gave birth to Louis Joseph Xavier François, who bore the title Dauphin of France, as was customary for the eldest son of the King of France.
In Vienna, he agreed to enter a musical contest with Mozart for the entertainment of Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II and his guests on 24 December 1781, at the Viennese court.
Only an Edict of Toleration issued by Emperor Joseph II as late as 1781 put an end to religious repression.
* 1781 Joseph Priestley creates water by igniting hydrogen and oxygen
However, Louis Stanislas did not remain heir to the throne much longer, as on 22 October 1781, Marie Antoinette gave birth to the Dauphin, Louis Joseph.
In 1781, Charles acted as a proxy for the Emperor Joseph II at the christening of his godson, the Dauphin Louis Joseph.
** Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France ( 1781 – 1789 ), first son of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
The Protestant citizens received the right to establish parishes according to the 1781 Patent of Toleration by Emperor Joseph II.
On August 24, 1781, Colonel Archibald Lochry were ambushed by Joseph Brant's raiders at Lochry Creek.
* Joseph Call ( born 31 March 1781 near Woodstock, VT ; died 20 September 1835 in Westport, NY ), the " Lewis Giant ," was a strongman and wrestler of widespread fame, as well as a Postmaster, millwright, Logger, Town Assessor, Auditor, JP, War Veteran and Teamster.
In addition, Joseph abolished serfdom in 1781.
In 1781, Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, ordered the destruction of the city's fortified walls – their former location however continues to be referred to in the Latin terms intra muros ( within the walls ) and extra muros ( outside ), and meanwhile the site became that of the inner ring road.
US Postage Stamp, 1931 issue, depicting Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau | Rochambeau, George Washington and François Joseph Paul de Grasse | De Grasse, commemorating 150th anniversary of the victory at Yorktown, 1781
Between 1778 and 1781 he visited England three times, developing a friendship with Sir Joseph Banks.
Styled “ a tragic Singspiel ”, it was staged on 23 October 1781 at the Nationalhoftheater, as the emperor Joseph II had had the Burgtheater renamed after dismissing the Italian singers and their orchestra in 1776 and installing German actors in the theatre.
Joseph Huntington and later at the Master Tisdale's School in Lebanon, Connecticut, and graduated from Yale College in 1781.
* Franz Joseph I, Prince of Liechtenstein ( 1726 – 1781 ), Knight of the Golden Fleece
* Joseph Kelway 1736 – 1781 ( formerly organist of St Michael, Cornhill )
Even after Emperor Joseph II proclaimed toleration in 1781, only Lutherans and Calvinists were allowed to openly practice their faith.
In 1781, Kempelen was ordered by Emperor Joseph II to reconstruct the Turk and deliver it to Vienna for a state visit from Grand Duke Paul of Russia and his wife.
Maria Theresa was also responsible for the founding of Gymnasium Karlovac, and later King Joseph II reaffirmed it as a free town with an official charter in 1781.
* Joseph Balthasar, Comte Siméon ( 1781 – 1846 ), French politician
1781 and at
In practice, the Articles were in use beginning in 1777 ; the final draft of the Articles served as the de facto system of government used by the Congress (" the United States in Congress assembled ") until it became de jure by final ratification on March 1, 1781 ; at which point Congress became the Congress of the Confederation.
Upon his return at imperial behest to Vienna in 1780, he wrote one German singspiel Der Rauchfangkehrer or ( The Chimney Sweep ) which premiered in 1781.
By the time Mozart arrived at age 25, in 1781, the dominant styles of Vienna were recognizably connected to the emergence in the 1750s of the early Classical style.
( This law was so successful at collecting revenue that Vermont did not impose any taxes until 1781.
Because of his strategy, Revolutionary forces captured two major British armies at Saratoga in 1777 and Yorktown in 1781.
The great successes, at Boston ( 1776 ), Saratoga ( 1777 ) and Yorktown ( 1781 ), came from trapping the British far from base with much larger numbers of troops.
General ( United States ) | General Washington and Comte de Rochambeau | the Comte de Rochambeau at Yorktown, Virginia | Yorktown, Virginia, 1781.
The surrender at Yorktown on October 17, 1781, marked the end of major fighting in continental North America.
* 1781 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Cowpens – Continental troops under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan defeat British forces under Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton at the battle in South Carolina.
Most significantly, Erasmus Darwin moved to Derby in 1781, but although he complained of being " cut off from the milk of science ", he continued to attend Lunar Society meetings at least until 1788.
The Ancient Order of Druids founded in 1781 had many aspects of freemasonry, and have practised rituals at Stonehenge since 1905.
* 1781 – American Revolutionary War: British General Lord Charles Cornwallis surrenders at the Siege of Yorktown.
The celebrated march of 1781 to Yorktown, Virginia that ended with the defeat of the British at the Siege of Yorktown and the Battle of the Chesapeake began in Newport, Rhode Island under the joint command of General George Washington who led American troops and the Comte de Rochambeau who led French soldiers sent by King Louis XVI.
* 1781 – Battle of the Chesapeake in the American Revolutionary War: the British Navy is repelled by the French Navy, contributing to the British surrender at Yorktown.
In early June 1781, Cornwallis dispatched a 250-man cavalry force commanded by Banastre Tarleton on a secret expedition to capture Governor Jefferson and members of the Assembly at Monticello but Jack Jouett of the Virginia militia, thwarted the British plan by warning them.
In 1781, Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered that a new acid, tungstic acid, could be made from scheelite ( at the time named tungsten ).
The presence of water at the large waterfall of Big Watron and in a lake on the north coast were noted, and the results of the survey were published by a Royal Navy hydrographer in 1781.
In October 1781 Lord Cornwallis surrendered his army at Yorktown, Virginia.
* November 16 – During the night the River Tyne, England, floods, destroying many bridges and killing several people ; the replacement main bridge at Newcastle upon Tyne will not be completed until 1781.
Presented in July 1781 with the options of attacking British forces in either New York or Virginia, Admiral de Grasse opted for the latter, arriving at the Chesapeake at the end of August.
The surrender of Lord Cornwallis, October 19, 1781 at Yorktown.
A similar position, called either " Secretary at War " or " Secretary of War ," was appointed to serve the Congress of the Confederation under the Articles of Confederation between 1781 and 1789.
It was finally abandoned by the British for good in 1781, following the surrender at Yorktown.
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