By the middle of the 19th century, industrialisation swept away most of the city's medieval rules of production and commerce, although the entirely corrupt remains of the city's mediæval constitution was kept in place ( compare the famous remarks of Georg Forster in his Ansichten vom Niederrhein ) until 1801, when Aachen became the " chef-lieu du département de la Roer " in Napoléon's First French Empire.

In 2006 historian David R. Ross called for Scotland to once again adopt this design in order to " reflect separate national identities across the UK ", however the 1801 design of Union Flag remains the official flag of the entire United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

This work proved a best seller in Europe, for instance in Italy went through at least a dozen different editions, but the best remains that by Giambattista Bodoni in 1801.

* July, 1801 – The Duke of Portland succeeds Lord Chatham as Lord President ( Chatham remains Master of the Ordnance ).

In 1801 Stonesfield's common lands were enclosed and the division of land caused further damage to the remains of the villa.

In 1801 his poetical rivalry with Macedo became more acute and personal, and ended by drawing from Bocage a stinging extempore poem, Pena de Talião, which remains a monument to his powers of invective.

He then studied at the Brera Academy of Fine Arts at Milan, and spent the years 1795 – 1801 in Rome, where he drew Roman remains and honed his skills in drawing anatomy at the morgue of a hospital and formed an intimate friendship with Canova, who made a portrait bust of Bossi.

Only the 1801 clyce remains of the Glastonbury Canal at Highbridge.

Over 130 years after its founding, the school remains at its original location atop Beall's Hill, the former home of Georgia Governor George W. Towns ( 1801 – 1854 ), in downtown Macon and overlooking the antebellum city.

* 1801 – Antoine Augustin Cournot, French mathematician ( d. 1877 )

* 1801 – Noël François de Wailly, French lexicographer ( b. 1724 )

He starred in the television series Jack of All Trades, set on a fictional island, occupied by the French in 1801.

After the defeat of the French Campaign in the Battle of the Nile, in 1801, the British Museum acquired more Egyptian sculpture and in 1802 King George III presented the Rosetta Stone – key to the deciphering of hieroglyphs.

After the defeat of the French forces under Napoleon at the Battle of the Nile in 1801, the Egyptian antiquities collected were confiscated by the British army and presented to the British Museum in 1803.

The French occupation was short-lived as British and Ottoman forces, including a sizable Albanian contingent, recaptured the country in 1801.

" Pommes de terre frites à cru, en petites tranches " (" Potatoes deep-fried while raw, in small cuttings ") in a manuscript in Thomas Jefferson's hand ( circa 1801 – 1809 ) and the recipe almost certainly comes from his French chef, Honoré Julien.

The Concordat of 1801 between Napoleon and the Church ended the de-Christianization period and established the rules for a relationship between the Catholic Church and the French State that lasted until it was abrogated by the Third Republic via the separation of church and state on 11 December 1905.

While at sea the French had some success at Boulogne but Nelson's Royal Navy destroyed an anchored Danish and Norwegian fleet at the Battle of Copenhagen ( 1801 ) because the Scandinavian kingdoms were against the British blockade of France.

* 1801 – First Battle of Algeciras: Outnumbered French Navy ships defeat the Royal Navy in the fortified Spanish port of Algeciras.

* 1801 – French astronomer Jean-Louis Pons made his first comet discovery.

* 1801 – French Revolutionary Wars: British Royal Navy ships inflict heavy damage against Spanish and French ships in the Second Battle of Algeciras.

While the sale of the territory by Spain back to France in 1800 went largely unnoticed, fear of an eventual French invasion spread nationwide when, in 1801, Napoleon sent a military force to secure New Orleans.

Lettres de cachet were abolished after the French Revolution by the Constituent Assembly, but Napoleon reestablished their penal equivalent by a political measure in the decree of 8 March 1801 on the state prisons.

* 1801 – Henri Labrouste, French architect ( d. 1875 )

* 1888 – Hippolyte Carnot, French statesman ( b. 1801 )

A French translation of the second volume by P. T. d ' Antelmy, with additions by Charles Bossut ( 1730 – 1814 ), was published in Paris in 1775 ; and an English translation of the whole work by John Colson ( 1680 – 1760 ), the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge, " inspected " by John Hellins, was published in 1801 at the expense of Baron Maseres.

* 1801 – The Battle of Alexandria is fought between British and French forces near the ruins of Nicopolis in Egypt.

Although the British surrendered claims to mainland Normandy, France, and other French possessions in 1801, the monarch of the United Kingdom retains the title Duke of Normandy in respect to the Channel Islands.

The British monarch is understood to not be the Duke with regards to mainland Normandy described herein, by virtue of the Treaty of Paris of 1259, the surrender of French possessions in 1801, and the belief that the rights of succession to that title are subject to Salic Law which excludes inheritance through female heirs.

* In 1801, James Anderson criticized the French for basing the Metric system on decimal arithmetic.

* 1801 – Hippolyte Carnot, French statesman ( d. 1888 )

His country applauded the choice when, in 1801, he was sent with an army to dispossess the French of Egypt.

He declined to help Napoleon Bonaparte stage his coup d ' état of November 1799, but nevertheless accepted employment from the Consulate, and from April 1800 to 18 August 1801 commanded the army in the Vendée.

Near Abū Qīr, on 8 March 1801, units of the British army commanded by Sir Ralph Abercromby landed from their transports in the face of a strenuous opposition from a French force entrenched on the beach.

Archduke Charles, brother of the Austrian Emperor, had started to reform the Austrian army in 1801 by taking away power from the Hofkriegsrat, the military / political council responsible for decision-making in the Austrian armed forces.

The British themselves considered this enough of a problem that they signed three treaties with Persia, in 1801, 1809 and 1812, to guard against an army attacking India through Central Asia.

This drew down the wrath of the First French Republic on the archbishop-elector ; in 1794, Coblenz was taken by the French Revolutionary army under Marceau ( who was killed during the siege ), and, after the signing of the Treaty of Lunéville ( 1801 ) it was made the capital of the new French départment of Rhin-et-Moselle.

The boers of Graaff Reinet did not surrender until an army had been sent against them, and in 1799 and again in 1801 they rose in revolt.

Archduke Charles, brother of the Austrian Emperor, had started to reform the Austrian army in 1801 by taking away power from the Hofkriegsrat, the military-political council responsible for decision-making in the Austrian armed forces.

The Battle of Alexandria or Battle of Canope, fought on March 21, 1801 between the French army under General Menou and the British expeditionary corps under Sir Ralph Abercrombie, took place near the ruins of Nicopolis, on the narrow spit of land between the sea and Lake Abukir, along which the British troops had advanced towards Alexandria after the actions of Abukir on March 8 and Mandora on March 13.

In 1801 he was sent to Spain to command the army intended for the invasion of Portugal ( see War of the Oranges ), and was named grand officer of the Legion of Honour.

In 1801, the tomb of Hussein bin Ali ( Prophet Mohammad's grandson ) in Karbala was destroyed by the army of Abdullah bin Saud, causing anger among the Shiite Muslims.

On his father's death in 1801, Casimir Perier left the army and with his brother Scipion founded a bank in Paris, the speculations of which Casimir directed while Scipion took on its administration.

As it is near the frontier with Spain it always suffered lots of invasions from foreign troops: in 1704 ( during the War of the Spanish Succession ), it was attacked and conquered by the army of Felipe V ; again in 1801 during the War of the Oranges, it surrendered to the Spanish Army, this way trying to counter the French dominion.

The idea of the flag is documented in his 1801 plan for an army to liberate Spanish America, which he submitted unsuccessfully to the British cabinet.

* Samuel Holland, army officer, military engineer, surveyor, office holder, politician, and landowner ( died 1801 )

Sir Henry, son of the famous caricaturist, Henry William Bunbury and Catherine Horneck, was educated at Westminster, and served on active service in the army from 1795 – 1809, notably in the Helder Campaign 1799, the Egyptian Campaign 1801, and the campaigns in the Mediterranean, where Bunbury served as Quartermaster-General.

In 1801, the regiment took part in the expedition to Egypt to dislodge a French army of occupation.

The army was disbanded in 1801 without having achieved its principle ambition, restoring Bourbon rule in France.

The close of 1801 and the beginning of the following year were spent in transporting the army sent to recover Egypt from the French.

He afterwards joined the Russian army, and in 1801 took up his residence in England, where he remained for thirteen years.

With the aforementioned post of Captain-General he led the army which in 1801 invaded Portugal in the disastrous campaign which the Spanish authors call War of the Oranges ( Guerra de las Naranjas or Guerra das Laranjas ).

In 1801, after travelling across the desert with the Turkish army to Egypt, he was, on the expulsion of the French, employed in surveying the valley of the Nile as far as the cataracts ; but having sailed with the ship engaged to convey the Elgin marbles from Athens to England, he lost all his maps and observations when the vessel foundered off Cerigo in Greece.

In 1801, he became battalion commander after taking the fort of Bard by the army of Italy.