Opposed to Prussia's enforced alliance with Napoleon I, he left the Prussian army and served in the Russian army from 1812 to 1813 during the Russian Campaign, including the Battle of Borodino.

In the service of the Russian Empire, Clausewitz helped negotiate the Convention of Tauroggen ( 1812 ), which prepared the way for the coalition of Prussia, Russia, and the United Kingdom that ultimately defeated Napoleon and his allies.

File: Jacques-Louis_David_017. jpg | Full length portrait of Napoleon standing | Napoleon in His Study ( 1812 ), National Gallery of Art, Washington, D. C.

On 12 June 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia with a Grande Armée of nearly 700, 000 troops.

In 1812 war broke out with Russia, engaging Napoleon in the disastrous French invasion of Russia ( 1812 ).

Napoleon made a major misstep when he declared war on Russia after a dispute with Tsar Alexander I and launched an invasion of Russia in 1812.

However, over the years since the Patriotic War of 1812 against Napoleon, Russia had been forced into involvement in the affairs of Europe, as part of the " Holy Alliance.

* 1812 – Napoleon I of France retreats from Moscow.

* 1812 – Claude François de Malet, a French general, begins a conspiracy to overthrow Napoleon Bonaparte, claiming that the Emperor died in Russia and that he is now the commandant of Paris.

The anti-Nazi Great Patriotic War, was conflated with the Patriotic War of 1812 against Napoleon, and historical Russian military heroes, such as Alexander Nevski and Mikhail Kutuzov, appeared ; repression of the Russian Orthodox Church ( temporarily ) ceased, and priests revived the tradition of blessing arms before battle.

* 1812 – The French army under Napoleon reaches the Kremlin in Moscow.

Its Jewish influence until the 20th century has led to it being described as the “ Jerusalem of Lita " and Napoleon named it " the Jerusalem of the North " as he was passing through in 1812.

In 1812, the city was taken by Napoleon on his push towards Moscow, and again during the disastrous retreat.

King Ferdinand VII, who assumed the throne after Napoleon was driven out of Spain, refused to agree to the liberal Spanish Constitution of 1812 on his accession to the throne in 1814.

In April 1812, Britain, Russia and Sweden signed secret agreements directed against Napoleon.

In 1812, at the height of his power, Napoleon invaded Russia with a pan-European Grande Armée, consisting of 650, 000 men ( 270, 000 Frenchmen and many soldiers of allies or subject areas ).

Napoleon then left his men and returned to Paris, to prepare the defence against the advancing Russians, and the campaign effectively ended on 14 December 1812, when the last enemy troops left Russia.

Denmark – Norway entered into an alliance with Napoleon, with the war leading to dire conditions and mass starvation in 1812.

Consequently the town was included within the Duchy of Warsaw, but upon defeat of Napoleon in Russian in 1812 was occupied by the Russian army and was returned to Prussia in the 1815 Congress of Vienna.

Napoleon I embarked on an invasion of Russia in 1812.

He was the son of Jérôme Napoleon Bonaparte ( 1805 – 1870 ) and Susan May Williams ( 1812 – 1881 ), from whom the American line of the Bonaparte family descended, and a grandson of Jérôme Bonaparte, the youngest brother of Emperor Napoleon I.

In May 1812, a month before the French invasion of Russia, Marie Louise accompanied Napoleon to Dresden, where she met her father and stepmother.

This refusal to accept any renunciation of allegiance to the Crown led to conflict with the United States over impressment, and then led to further conflicts even during the War of 1812, when thirteen Irish American prisoners of war were executed as traitors after the Battle of Queenston Heights ; Winfield Scott urged American reprisal, but none was carried out.

But, once more, his impetuosity and reforming zeal led to friction, and he resigned in 1812.

When armies throughout Spain pronounced themselves in sympathy with the revolters, led by Rafael del Riego, Ferdinand relented and was forced to accept the liberal Constitution of 1812.

The Duchy's military forces, led by Józef Poniatowski, participated in numerous campaigns, including the Polish – Austrian War of 1809, the French invasion of Russia in 1812, and the German campaign of 1813.

* 1864 – Hong Xiuquan, Chinese rebel, led the Taiping Rebellion ( b. 1812 )

As president ( 1809 – 17 ), after the failure of diplomatic protests and a trade embargo against Great Britain, he led the nation into the War of 1812.

* 1812 – Napoleonic Wars: Peninsular War – Battle of Salamanca – British forces led by Arthur Wellesley ( later the Duke of Wellington ) defeat French troops near Salamanca, Spain.

* 1812 – War of 1812: Battle of Queenston Heights – As part of the Niagara campaign in Ontario, Canada, United States forces under General Stephen Van Rensselaer are repulsed from invading Canada by British and native troops led by Sir Isaac Brock.

The extensive period of conflict during the American Revolutionary War ( or American War of Independence ) and Napoleonic Wars ( 1793 – 1815 ), followed by the Anglo-American War of 1812, led to the emergence of a cartel system for the exchange of prisoners, even while the belligerents were at war.

The French invasion of Russia at the height of Napoleon's power in 1812 failed miserably as the obstinate resistance in combination with the bitterly cold Russian Winter led to a disastrous defeat of invaders, in which more than 95 % of the pan-European Grande Armée perished.

Simultaneous with the Napoleonic Wars, trade disputes and British impressment of American sailors led to the War of 1812 with the United States.

* August 8 – Veera Puran Appu, Sri Lankan hero who led the Matale Rebellion against the British ( b. 1812 )

In the 1820s, the British government was formally headed by King George IV, but in practice, was led by his Prime Ministers Lord Liverpool ( 1812 – 1827 ), George Canning ( 1827 ), Lord Goderich ( 1827 – 1828 ), and Duke of Wellington ( 1828 – 1830 ).

* October 13 – War of 1812 – Battle of Queenston Heights: As part of the Niagara campaign in Ontario, Canada, United States forces under General Stephen Van Rensselaer are repulsed from invading Canada by British and native troops led by Sir Isaac Brock ( he dies during the battle ).

It was led by the artist and writer William Morris ( 1834 – 1896 ) and the architect Charles Voysey ( 1857 – 1941 ) during the 1860s, and was inspired by the writings of John Ruskin ( 1819 – 1900 ) and Augustus Pugin ( 1812 – 1852 ).

The Cherokee allied with the U. S. against the nativist and pro-British Red Stick faction of the Upper Creek in the Creek War during the War of 1812, and Cherokee warriors led by Major Ridge played a major role in General Andrew Jackson's victory at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.

Both revolts were easily suppressed and the political unrest was subsumed into the general political process in the Spanish world that led to the Spanish Constitution of 1812.

The Washington speech was widely circulated and read throughout New Hampshire, and it led to Webster's 1812 selection to the Rockingham Convention, an assembly that sought to declare formally the state's grievances with President James Madison and the federal government.

The 1828 tariff was part of a series of tariffs that began after the War of 1812 and the Napoleonic Wars, when the blockade of Europe led British manufacturers to offer goods in America at low prices that American manufacturers often could not match.

Internal divisions with the Lower Towns led to the Red Stick War ( Creek War, 1813 – 1814 ); begun as a civil war within the Muscogee Nation, it enmeshed them in the War of 1812 against the United States.

Between 1812 and 1816 divisions developed between an Unitarist faction centred on Buenos Aires and a Federalist faction in the provinces, which eventually led to a series of civil wars that ended with the conquest of Buenos Aires by Federalist caudillos at the Battle of Cepeda in 1820.

Residents ' devotion to the cause during the War of 1812 led to the formation of the Petersburg Volunteers — who distinguished themselves in action at the Siege of Fort Meigs on May 5, 1813.