Margarine originated with the discovery by Michel Eugène Chevreul in 1813 of margaric acid ( itself named after the pearly deposits of the fatty acid from Greek or μάργαρον ( margaritēs / márgaron ), meaning pearl-oyster or pearl, or ( margarís ), meaning palm-tree, hence the relevance to palmitic acid ).

In Paris, he attended Jean Baptiste Dumas ’ lectures and worked with Auguste Cahours ( 1813 – 1891 ) on essential oils, especially cumin, in Michel Eugène Chevreul ’ s laboratory at the Jardin des Plantes, meanwhile earning a precarious living by teaching and making translations of some of Liebig ’ s writings.

As these data were similar to the first data obtained by Chevreul as soon as 1813, the later sent a letter to the journal Annales de Chimie claiming his priority and contesting the originality of Braconnot's work ( Ann Chim 1815, 94, 73 ).

In Berlin he published his views of the chemical laws of nature in German and this was issued in French translation ( Paris, 1813 ) under the title Recherches Sur l'identite Des Forces chimiques et electriques, a work held in very high esteem by the new generation of research chemists.

The use of the term was first attributed to Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard ( 1813 – 1855 ).

A classic use of an abatis was found at the Battle of the Chateauguay, 26 October 1813, when approximately 1, 300 Canadian voltigeurs, under the command of Charles-Michel de Salaberry, defeated an American corps of approximately 2, 300 men.

Kotlyarevsky defeated the numerically superior Persian army in the Battle of Aslanduz and in October, 1813, Persia was compelled to make a disadvantageous peace, ceding some territory in the Caucasus ( present-day Georgia, Dagestan, and most of the Republic of Azerbaijan ).

The first party to successfully cross the Blue Mountains just outside Sydney was led by Gregory Blaxland in 1813, 25 years after the colony was established.

The Boston Daily Advertiser was established in 1813 in Boston by Nathan Hale.

This was inaugurated by Montalembert, but its literary advocates were chiefly Dom Gueranger, a learned Benedictine monk, abbot of Solesmes, and Louis François Veuillot ( 1813 – 1883 ) of the Univers ; and it succeeded in suppressing them everywhere, the last diocese to surrender being Orleans in 1875.

Organised worship in England for those whose beliefs anticipated those of Christadelphians only truly became possible in 1779 when the Act of Toleration 1689 was amended to permit denial of the Trinity, and only fully when property penalties were removed in the Doctrine of the Trinity Act 1813.

One of the major contributions to fighting cholera was made by the physician and pioneer medical scientist John Snow ( 1813 – 1858 ), who in 1854 found a link between cholera and contaminated drinking water.

The independent black denomination was chartered by freed slave Peter Spencer in 1813 as the " Union Church of Africans ".

Elizabeth Garrett was born on 9 June 1836 in London, the second of eleven children of Newson Garrett ( 1812 – 1893 ), from Leiston, Suffolk, and his wife, Louisa née Dunnell ( 1813 – 1903 ), from London.

As a Democratic-Republican he was selected as the fifth Vice President of the United States ( 1813 – 1814 ), serving under James Madison, until his death a year and a half into his term.

On 8 February 1813 the British ship Isabella, a ship of 193 tons and a crew of fourteen, was wrecked off the coast of Eagle Island ( now known as Speedwell Island ).

In 1808 all Godoy's property was seized by Ferdinand VII after his fall from power and exile, and in 1813 the Inquisition confiscated both works as ' obscene ', returning them in 1836 to the Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando.

By the Anglo-Swedish alliance of 3 March 1813, it was ceded to Sweden for a brief period of 15 months.

He was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Austria, and signed the Treaty of Töplitz between Britain and Austria in Vienna in October 1813.

Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi (; 10 October 1813 – 27 January 1901 ) was an Italian Romantic composer, mainly of opera.

Having been defeated by a seven nation army at the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813, he was forced to abdicate after the Six Days Campaign and the occupation of Paris.

He was defeated in a great Battle of Leipzig in late 1813, and Napoleon's empire started to collapse.

In opera, a new Romantic atmosphere combining supernatural terror and melodramatic plot in a folkloric context was first successfully achieved by Carl Maria von Weber ( 1786 – 1826 ) and perfected by Richard Wagner ( 1813 – 1883 ) in his Ring Cycle.

After the Battle of Leipzig and subsequent collapse of the French Empire in 1813, the Netherlands was restored as a " sovereign principality " with the House of Orange providing a monarch.

The French were decisively defeated at the Battle of Vitoria in 1813, and the following year, Ferdinand VII was restored as King of Spain.

In fact, it has been recognized since 1813 that the bust was not of Seneca, when an inscribed herma portrait of Seneca with quite different features was discovered.

After the expulsion of Jerome and the reinstalment of an elector, Grimm was appointed in 1813 secretary of legation, to accompany the Hessian minister to the headquarters of the allied army.

In 1813 Clementi was appointed a member of the Swedish Royal Academy of Music.

William VI of Orange, instated on 2 December 1813 as " Sovereign Prince " by acclamation, and only accepting " under the safeguard of a free constitution, assuring your freedom against possible future abuses ", had first appointed a number of men of good standing as electors and these approved the constitution, written by a commission headed by Gijsbert Karel van Hogendorp.

From 1809, Southey contributed to the Quarterly Review, and had become so well known by 1813 that he was appointed Poet Laureate after Walter Scott refused the post.

In 1811 he was appointed Captain General of Valencia and from 22 January 1812 to 7 March 1813 he was one of the member of the III Council of Regency taking part as a sort of shady patron in the revolt in Catalunya were Captain General descending from Irish-Spanish military people, Luis de Lacy, Luis Lacy y Gauthier, ( San Roque, Cádiz, Spain, 1772 – executed by firing squad, Castle of Bellver, Palma de Mallorca, Spain, 5 July 1817 ), pretended to create a Republic.

In 1813 a Vice-Chancellor was appointed to deal with the Chancery's increasing backlogs, and two more were appointed in 1841.

In 1813 the first Vice-Chancellor was appointed to deal with the increasing number of cases submitted to the Court.

On 12 February 1813 Beer received the first of the string of honours he was to accumulate throughout his life when he was appointed ' Court Composer ' by Grand Duke Ludwig of Hesse-Darmstadt.

These two men oversaw the union in 1813 to form the United Grand Lodge of England, with the Duke of Sussex appointed as Grand Master of the new body.

When the Missouri Territory was formed in 1813, Clark was appointed as the governor by President Madison.

He was appointed professor extraordinary in the philosophical faculty in 1799, and ordinary professor at Göttingen University in 1813.

In 1809 he was appointed deputy professor of Greek at the faculty of letters at Paris, and titular professor in 1813 on the death of Pierre Henri Larcher.

On January 13, 1813, John Armstrong, Jr. was appointed United States Secretary of War.

As a reward for his service, he was appointed Governor of the Michigan Territory by President James Madison on October 29, 1813, and served until 1831.

In 1803, he was appointed as commander-in-chief of the newly founded King's German Legion, and in 1813, he became field marshal.

James Wyatt's death in 1813 led to Soane together with John Nash and Robert Smirke, being appointed official architect to the Office of Works in 1813, the appointment ended in 1832, at a salary of £ 500 per annum.

In June 1813, Gazan was appointed commander of the Joseph Bonaparte's Army of the South.

He was appointed Brigadier General June 24, 1811, he made the campaigns of 1812, 1813 and 1814, in Russia, Saxony and France.

As well as holding a seat on the Council, he was appointed State's Attorney for the county of New Haven in June 1811, and continued in that office until he resigned it when chosen Senator in 1813.

In 1813, President James Madison appointed Crawford as the U. S. minister to France during the waning years of the First French Empire ; Crawford held that ministerial post until 1815, shortly after the end of the War of 1812.

He was appointed a serjeant-at-law on 6 July 1813.