Philosophically, the Entfremdung theory relies upon The Essence of Christianity ( 1841 ), by Ludwig Feuerbach, which argues that the supernatural idea of “ God ” has alienated the natural characteristics of the human being.

The philosopher Ludwig Feuerbach ( 1804 – 1872 ) analysed religion from the psychologic perspective in The Essence of Christianity ( 1841 ) — divinity is Man ’ s projection of his human nature.

* The Essence of Christianity ( 1841 ), by Ludwig Feuerbach

Two early conflict theorists were the Polish-Austrian sociologist and political theorist Ludwig Gumplowicz ( 1838 – 1909 ) and the American sociologist and paleontologist Lester F. Ward ( 1841 – 1913 ).

Max Stirner claimed that all ideals were inherently alienating, and that replacing God by the Humanity, as did Ludwig Feuerbach in The Essence of Christianity ( 1841 ), was not sufficient.

* Georg Gustav Ludwig von Wrangel ( Yegor Vasiliyevich Wrangel, 1784 – 1841 )

Johann Julius Gottfried Ludwig Frank or Julius Frank ( 1808 – 1841 ) was a professor of history, geography and philosophy from Gotha, Germany.

Ludwig Ettmüller first applied Lachmann's ballad-theory to the poem ( 1841 ), and K. Mullenhoff ( Kudrun, die echten Teile des Gedichts, 1845 ) rejected more than three-quarters of the whole as not genuine.

The Essence of Christianity () is a book by Ludwig Feuerbach first published in 1841.

Karl Ludwig Lorenz Binding ( April 6, 1841 – April 7, 1920 ) was a German jurist known as a promoter of the theory of retributive justice.

According to him, not only is God an alienating ideal, as Feuerbach had argued in The Essence of Christianity ( 1841 ), but so too are humanity itself, nationalism and all ideologies.

This trade was subject to a tariff of 7.5 per cent after February 1835, but much was smuggled into Assiniboia with the result that the duty was reduced by 1841 to 4 per cent on the initiative of the London committee.

A wedding set for January 1, 1841, was canceled when the two broke off their engagement at Lincoln's initiative.

In 1841 a " Colonial Bishoprics Council " was set up and soon many more dioceses were created.

The notation was introduced by Karl Weierstrass in 1841.

Gawler was recalled and replaced by Governor Grey in 1841.

Aachen's railway station, the Hauptbahnhof ( Central Station ), was constructed in 1841 at the Cologne-Aachen railway line and replaced in 1905, moving it significantly closer to the city centre.

He was founder of the Chemical Society of London in 1841, being its first Treasurer and second President.

He was elected to the Tennessee Senate in 1841, where he served one two-year term.

The 1841 – 42 legislative session, with Whigs having a majority in the House chamber and the Democrats a smaller majority in the Senate, was marked by an impasse over the election of Tennessee's two United States senators.

After a promotion in the militia in 1841, Johnson was often locally referred to as " Colonel ".

The concept of allotropy was originally proposed in 1841 by the Swedish scientist Baron Jöns Jakob Berzelius ( 1779 – 1848 ).

The name " Queen's College " was denied to the Baptist school, so it was renamed " Acadia College " in 1841, in reference to the history of the area as an Acadian settlement.

The Habsburgs founded a number of monasteries ( with some structures enduring, e. g., in Wettingen and Muri ), the closing of which by the government in 1841 was a contributing factor to the outbreak of the Swiss civil war – the " Sonderbund War " – in 1847.

For example, the Barony of Grey of Codnor was in abeyance for over 490 years between 1496 and 1989, and the Barony of Hastings was similarly in abeyance for over 299 years from 1542 to 1841.

He gained nominations to contest progressively safer seats at two subsequent General Elections and was in both cases elected, for Shrewsbury in 1841 ( despite serious opposition, and financial difficulties which opponents seized on ), and then for Buckinghamshire county in 1847.

The first attempt at legislation was drafted by the President of the Board of Control, Lord Ellenborough, who had previously served as Governor-General of India ( 1841 – 44 ).

Berthe Morisot ( January 14, 1841 – March 2, 1895 ) was a painter and a member of the circle of painters in Paris who became known as the Impressionists.

From 1831 to 1841, Palestine was under the rule of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty of Egypt.

In 1841 the Liberals lost office to the Conservative Party under Sir Robert Peel, but their period in opposition was short, because the Conservatives split over the repeal of the Corn Laws, a free trade issue, and a faction known as the Peelites ( but not Peel himself, who died soon after ), defected to the Liberal side.

The first Portalian president was General Joaquín Prieto, who served two terms ( 1831 – 1836, 1836 – 1841 ).

His father was Henry Attlee ( 1841 – 1908 ), a solicitor, and his mother was Ellen Bravery Watson ( 1847 – 1920 ).

After a few presidents of the Provisional Junta, there were again consuls of the republic, 14 March 1841 – 13 March 1844 ( ruling jointly, but occasionally styled " first consul ", " second consul "): Carlos Antonio López Ynsfrán ( b. 1792 – d. 1862 ) + Mariano Roque Alonzo Romero ( d. 1853 ) ( the lasts of the aforementioned juntistas, Commandant-General of the Army )

It was first defined by Nicolas Clément in 1824 as a unit of heat, entering French and English dictionaries between 1841 and 1867.

In 1839 she took up the first of many positions as governess to families in Yorkshire, a career she pursued until 1841.

The independent Princedom of Serbia, had conducted the first population census in 1834 ; the subsequent censuses were conducted in 1841, 1843, 1846, 1850, 1854, 1859, 1863 and 1866 and 1874.

The 1841 Census, conducted by the General Register Office, was the first to record the names of everyone in a household or institution.

However, true detective fiction is more often considered in the English-speaking world to have begun in 1841 with the publication of " The Murders in the Rue Morgue " itself, featuring " the first fictional detective, the eccentric and brilliant C. Auguste Dupin ".

The first American production was at the Old Park Theater in New York on 1 February 1841.

* 1928 – Ina Coolbrith, first poet laureate of California ( b. 1841 )

In 1841 he first heard Garrison speak at a meeting of the Bristol Anti-Slavery Society.

About 1841 he had freed himself from all the burden of manual labour, and could occupy his thoughts with the dialect of his native district, Sunnmøre ; his first publication was a small collection of folk songs in the Sunnmøre dialect ( 1843 ).

In 1839, it was renamed the Commonwealth of Liberia ; 1841 saw the Commonwealth's first black Governor, J. J. Roberts.

In France, the first labour law was voted in 1841.

The format is a pair of integers separated by a comma, e. g. " 54321, 12345 " The first number is the number of days since December 31, 1840, i. e. day number 1 is January 1, 1841 ; the second is the number of seconds since midnight.

Jacoby founded the first Methodist Church West of the Mississippi River, originally known as Bethel Church, now known as Memorial United Methodist Church, in St. Louis in 1841.

Jones became " Nauru's first and last dictator ," who killed or banished several other beachcombers who arrived later, until the Nauruans banished Jones from the island in 1841.

* 1841 – James Braid first sees a demonstration of animal magnetism, which leads to his study of the subject he eventually calls hypnotism.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.