These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

In 1853 he became Inspector of Charities and was later Assistant Commissioner on the Royal City Charities Commission, about which he published several books.

In 1853 Island County became part of the newly created Washington Territory.

In 1853, Sherman resigned his captaincy and became manager of the San Francisco branch of a St. Louis-based bank.

In 1853, in Turin, Guglielmo Stefani founded the Agenzia Stefani, that became the most important agency in the Kingdom of Italy, and took international relevance with Manlio Morgagni.

There were over 173 city-states and kingdoms in the African regions affected by the slave trade between 1502 and 1853, when Brazil became the last Atlantic import nation to outlaw the slave trade.

In 1853, the Dutch government allowed the bishopric of Utrecht to be reinstated by Rome, and Utrecht became the centre of Dutch Catholicism once more.

He became sous-préfet of Nérac in 1830, and advanced rapidly in the civil service until in 1853 he was chosen by Persigny to be prefect of the Seine in succession to Jean Jacques Berger, who hesitated to incur the vast expenses of the imperial schemes for the embellishment of Paris.

Regaining freedom in 1853, he published his memoir that year, became nationally known and lectured on the abolitionist circuit.

In 1853, the church became the local parish church.

As a painter she became famous primarily for two chief works: Ploughing in the Nivernais ( in French: Le labourage nivernais, le sombrage ), which was first exhibited at the Salon of 1848, and is now in the Musée d ’ Orsay in Paris depicts a team of oxen ploughing a field while attended by peasants set against a vast pastoral landscape ; and, The Horse Fair ( in French: Le marché aux chevaux ) ( which was exhibited at the Salon of 1853 ( finished in 1855 ) and is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, in New York City.

" Having been one of the biggest influences in the establishment of the College, Hosea Ballou II became the first president in 1853, and College Hall, the first building on campus, was completed the following year.

He took his first photographs in 1853 and in 1858 became the first person to take aerial photographs.

A minister from the Netherlands, Dirk Van der Hoff went to the Transvaal in 1853, and became a minister in the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk, which was constituted in 1856, and in 1860 recognised as the State Church of the South African Republic, separate from the Cape Church.

In 1833 the town was renamed Berlin because of the recent German immigration from the Breuckmann family, and in 1853 Berlin became the County Seat of the newly created County of Waterloo, elevating it to the status of Village.

* 1853 Moses Hughes and his invalid wife, Hannah ( Berry ), became the first permanent settlers, seeking to take advantage of the medicinal springs.

The " Elephant Man ", Joseph Carey Merrick ( 1862 – 1890 ) became well known in Whitechapel — he was exhibited in a shop on the Whitechapel Road before being helped by Dr Frederick Treves ( 1853 – 1923 ) at the Royal London Hospital, opposite the actual shop.

Sullivan was founded in 1853 and became the county seat.

In 1832, Terre Haute became a town and, in May 1853, elected to become a city.

Following the Gadsden purchase in 1853, Nogales became a part of the United States of America.

The gold from the initially discovered placers gave out after a few years, but the discovery of gold in an underground river channel in 1853 revitalized the camp and it soon became a town.

At that time Trinidad became part of the newly created Humboldt County after its creation in 1853, with its county seat in Eureka.

* William Beaumont ( 1785 – 1853 ), " Father of Gastric Physiology " whose book describing digestion, published in 1833, became a classical medical study still used today.

* William T. Smithett ; rector 1853 – 1860

In 1853, he was chosen to be rector of Jesuit students in Cologne.

Rokitansky was several times the dean of the medical school, and, in 1853, the first freely elected rector of the medical congregation of the University of Vienna and president of the Superior Medical Council.

In 1853 Pendleton returned to Virginia and became rector of Grace Church in Lexington, and was there when the American Civil War began.

The son of Johannes, David Buel Knickerbacker ( 1833 – 1894 ), who maintained the original spelling of the family name, graduated at Trinity College in 1853 and at the General Theological Seminary in 1856, was a rector for many years at Minneapolis, Minnesota, and in 1883 was consecrated Protestant Episcopal bishop of Indiana.

During his time there, Doppler, along with Franz Unger, played an influential role in the development of young Gregor Mendel, known as the founding father of genetics, who was a student at the University of Vienna from 1851 to 1853.

* 1853 – Washington University in St. Louis is founded as Eliot Seminary in St. Louis, Missouri.

He graduated from the New York University in 1853, where he was a member of the Eucleian Society, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1856.

* Solomon Northup, David Wilson, Twelve Years a Slave: Narrative of Solomon Northup, a Citizen of New-York, Kidnapped in Washington City in 1841, and Rescued in 1853, Auburn, N. Y .: Derby and Miller, 1853, at Documenting the American South, University of North Carolina.

In 1853, the campus moved east to a then-suburban location on what is now University Avenue.

The Third Electoral System 1853 – 1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Cultures University of North Carolina Press.

Alice was published in 1865, three years after the Reverend Charles Lutwidge Dodgson and the Reverend Robinson Duckworth rowed in a boat, on 4 July 1862, up the Isis with the three young daughters of Henry Liddell ( the Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University and Dean of Christ Church ): Lorina Charlotte Liddell ( aged 13, born 1849 ) (" Prima " in the book's prefatory verse ); Alice Pleasance Liddell ( aged 10, born 1852 ) (" Secunda " in the prefatory verse ); Edith Mary Liddell ( aged 8, born 1853 ) (" Tertia " in the prefatory verse ).

* Candace O ' Connor, Beginning a Great Work: Washington University, 1853 – 2003 St. Louis: Washington University in St. Louis, 2003.

The University of Florida traces its origins to 1853, when the East Florida Seminary, the oldest of the University of Florida's four predecessor institutions, was founded in Ocala, Florida.

Degas duly enrolled at the Faculty of Law of the University of Paris in November 1853, but made little effort at his studies.

* Uncle Tom's cabin: or Life among the lowly ; frontispiece by John Gilbert ; ornamental title-page by Phiz ; and 130 engravings on wood by Matthew Urlwin Sears, 1853 ( a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries ; DjVu & layered PDF format )

The verses have accordingly been written by the authoress for the capacity of the youngest readers ..." 1853 ( a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries ; DjVu & layered PDF format )

The building ( 1853 – 1864 ), which despite frequent remodeling continues to evoke Semper's concept, was initially required to accommodate not only the new school ( known today as the ETH Zurich ), but the existing University of Zurich, as well.

Speech of William H. Seward, at the dedication of Capital University, at Columbus, Ohio, September 14, 1853 ( 1853 ; Digitized page images & text )

Since 1924, the building has been established as the Museum of the History of Science, with exhibitions including the scientific instruments given to Oxford University by Lewis Evans ( 1853 – 1930 ), amongst them the world's largest collection of astrolabes.

* Bishop's University ; founded by a Royal Charter issued in 1853 by Queen Victoria

The school became Mount Lebanon University in 1853, but closed during the Civil War to serve as a high school and a Confederate hospital.

Monmouth was settled in 1853 by a group of pioneers who made a point of allocating to build both a city and a " college under the auspices of the Christian Church " and proceeds from the sale of these lands were used to found Monmouth University.

); The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte ; 2 volumes ; Chapman, 1853 ( reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009 ; ISBN 978-1-108-00118-2 )

Balakirev left the Alexandrovsky Institute in 1853 and entered the University of Kazan as a mathematics student, along with his friend P. D.