École Centrale de Lille was founded as École des arts industriels et des mines de Lille in 1854, the same year when Louis Pasteur became the dean of Faculté des sciences de Lille and pioneered applied research with industry cooperations, with support of scientists such as Charles Frédéric Kuhlmann.

* 1854: Louis Pasteur as first dean of the Faculty of Sciences of Lille ;

Arthur Aikin FGS ( 19 May 1773 – 15 April 1854 ) was an English chemist, mineralogist and scientific writer.

It was excavated by Spiegelthal in 1854, who found that it covered a large vault of finely cut marble blocks approached by a flat-roofed passage of the same stone from the south.

When added in 1854, it was assigned to 6 February.

In 1846 Robert Smirke was replaced as the Museum's architect by his brother Sydney Smirke, whose major addition was the Round Reading Room 1854 – 1857 ; at in diameter it was then the second widest dome in the world, the Pantheon in Rome being slightly wider.

Layard's work was continued by his assistant, Hormuzd Rassam and in 1852 – 1854 he went on to discover the North Palace of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh with many magnificent reliefs, including the famous Royal Lion Hunt scenes.

A check from Lloyd's of London records proved the existence of the Meta, built in 1854 and that in 1880 the Meta was renamed Ellen Austin.

Four copies have been preserved of it, of which only one is complete ; but it was reprinted in facsimile in 1854 for the Bannatyne Club by the munificence of the Duke of Buccleuch.

Ben Nevis was the name of a White Star Line packet ship which in 1854 carried the group of immigrants who were to become the Wends of Texas.

While his building was still under construction late in 1854, Bunsen suggested certain design principles to the university's mechanic, Peter Desaga, and asked him to construct a prototype.

The " Orange " in Orange Free State ( 1854 – 1902 ) was named after the Protestant House of Orange in the Netherlands.

On March 31, 1854, the or was concluded between Commodore Matthew C. Perry of the U. S. Navy and the Tokugawa shogunate.

Charlotte meanwhile was increasingly attracted to the intense attachment displayed by Nicholls, and by January 1854 had accepted his proposal.

John Snow, in England, was the first to identify the importance of contaminated water in its cause in 1854.

One of the major contributions to fighting cholera was made by the physician and pioneer medical scientist John Snow ( 1813 – 1858 ), who in 1854 found a link between cholera and contaminated drinking water.

In two pioneering epidemiological field studies, he was able to demonstrate human sewage contamination was the most probable disease vector in two major epidemics in London in 1854.

* 1854 – In his Apostolic constitution Ineffabilis Deus, Pope Pius IX proclaims the dogmatic definition of Immaculate Conception, which holds that the Virgin Mary was born free of original sin.

He was appointed surgeon at the Philadelphia Hospital in 1854 and was the founder of its pathological museum.

San Salvador was destroyed in 1756 and 1854, and suffered heavy damage in the 1919, 1982, and 1986 tremors.

Meanwhile, Newson ’ s malting business expanded and five more children were born, Alice ( 1842 ), Millicent ( 1847 ), who was to become a leader in the constitutional campaign for women's suffrage, Sam ( 1850 ), Josephine ( 1853 ) and George ( 1854 ).

In 1854, when she was eighteen, Elizabeth and her sister went on a long visit to their school friends, Jane and Anne Crow, in Gateshead.

The Eureka Rebellion of 1854 was a historically significant organised rebellion of gold miners of Ballarat against British colonial authority.

The Battle of Eureka Stockade ( by which the rebellion is popularly known ) was fought between miners and the Colonial forces of Australia on 3 December 1854 at Eureka Lead and named for the stockade structure erected by miners during the conflict.

Although Chapman was the named editor, it was Evans who did most of the work in running the journal, contributing many essays and reviews, from the January 1852 number until the dissolution of her arrangement with Chapman in the first half of 1854.

* Samuel Emory, born July 30, 1852, was named after his grandfather ; he died June 30, 1854, of an undiagnosed disease.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

A special case is P. longicollum, named by von Meyer in 1854, based on a large specimen with a long neck and fewer teeth.

Through the intervention of a friend, Fredrik Cygnæus, Topelius was named professor extraordinary of the History of Finland at the University in 1854.

The main street of Oslo, Karl Johans gate, was named after him in 1852-and the main base for the Royal Norwegian Navy, Karljohansvern, was named after him in 1854.

From 1851 to 1854, he attended the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute ( later named Hiram College ) in Hiram, Ohio.

The Galveston Railway, originally established and named in 1854 as the Galveston Wharf and Cotton Press Company, is a Class III terminal switching railroad that primarily serves the transportation of cargo to and from the Port of Galveston.

The act specified the " county town " be named " Cookeville " in honor of Richard F. Cooke, who served in the Tennessee Senate from 1851 – 1854, representing at various times Jackson, Fentress, Macon, Overton and White Counties.

Volusia County was named after the then-largest-community, Volusia, when the Florida legislature divided Orange County on December 29, 1854.

A Post Office named Flooding Creek opened here on 30 September 1848 being renamed, somewhat belatedly, as Sale on 1 January 1854.

Porro prism binoculars are named after Italian optician Ignazio Porro who patented this image erecting system in 1854 and later refined by makers like the Carl Zeiss company in the 1890s.

Douglas County, named after Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas, was established on February 8, 1854, from the larger La Pointe County, Wisconsin, and the City of Superior was immediately selected as the county seat.

The county is named in honor of Hezekiah Hamblen ( 1775 – 1854 ), an early settler, landowner, attorney, and member of the Hawkins County Court for many years.

The county was formed by act of the Kentucky legislature on February 6, 1854 from portions of surrounding Daviess, Ohio, and Muhlenberg Counties, and was named for Judge Alney McLean, founder of Greenville, the county seat of Muhlenberg County.

Separated from Caldwell County, Kentucky in 1854, although Eddyville was that county's seat prior to the separation, the county was named for former Congressman Chittenden Lyon.

Douglas County was opened for settlement on May 15, 1854, and was named for Stephen A. Douglas, a senator from Illinois.

It was named in honor of a U. S. Senator from South Carolina, Andrew Butler ( 1796 – 1857 ), who was one of the authors of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 and a strong advocate of Kansas becoming a slave state.

It was established in 1854 and was named for Sgt.

It was organized in 1854 and named for General William O. Butler.

In 1854, the founders of Northwestern submitted to the county judge their plans for a city to be named Evanston after John Evans, one of their leaders.