* 1859 – Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany ( d. 1941 )

The northern provinces had remained loyal to the Emperor, and hoping to avoid a civil war, Sun Yat-Sen – already proclaimed " provisional president " by his supporters – had come to a compromise with the Emperor's key ally Yuan Shikai ( 1859 – 1916 ); the monarchy would be abolished, and Late Imperial China would be converted into a new Republic of China, but it would be the royalist Yuan and not the revolutionary Sun who would become its first President.

* 1859 – Joshua A. Norton declares himself " Emperor Norton I " of the United States.

* William II, German Emperor ( 1859 – 1941 )

* June 4 – Wilhelm II, last Emperor of Germany ( b. 1859 )

* Wilhelm II, German Emperor ( 1859 – 1941 ), son of Kaiser Friedrich III and was Kaiser during World War I ; abdicated the throne in 1918

Agew Niguse was defeated by Emperor Tewodros, and the commander of a French cruiser sent to Annesley Bay in 1859 found the country in a state of anarchy.

Yuan Shikai ( 16 September 1859 – 6 June 1916 ) was an important Chinese general and politician, famous for his influence during the late Qing Dynasty, his role in the events leading up to the abdication of the last Qing Emperor of China, his autocratic rule as the second President of the Republic of China ( following Sun Yatsen ), and his short-lived attempt to revive the Chinese monarchy, with himself as the " Great Emperor of China.

The Battle of Solferino ( referred to in Italy as the Battle of Solferino and San Martino ) on 24 June 1859 resulted in the victory of the allied French Army under Napoleon III and Sardinian Army under Victor Emmanuel II ( together known as the Franco-Sardinian Alliance ) against the Austrian Army under Emperor Franz Joseph I.

After a visit to the city by Emperor Pedro II of Brazil in 1859, the city acquired the title of " Imperial City ".

In 1859 Shamil wrote to one of his sons: " By the will of the Almighty, the Absolute Governor, I have fallen into the hands of unbelievers ... the Great Emperor ... has settled me here ... in a tall spacious house with carpets and all the necessities ".

In 1859 Emperor Dom Pedro II had ordered that a flag of the Empire be placed on the highest peak of the Serra do Caparaó.

However, by decree of the Emperor Napoleon III, 2 March 1859, the extinct Dalberg dukedom was revived and extended to the Emmerich de Dalberg's first cousin twice removed, Charles de Tascher de La Pagerie ( who was also a second cousin once removed of Napoleon III ), and redesignated as Duc de Tascher de La Pagerie.

When, in the summer of 1859, Emperor Napoleon III, together with Victor Emmanuel II King of Piedmont and Sardinia, tried to oust the Hapsburgs from their territories in northern Italy, Meissonier received a government commission to illustrate scenes from the campaign.

Another line ruled the Vorlande from 1803 to 1805, and Modena from 1814 to 1859, while Empress Marie Louise, Napoleon's second wife and the daughter of Austrian Emperor Francis, ruled over the Duchy of Parma between 1814 and 1847.

But he would continue to rule until 1859, when the Emperor of Russia would offer Shamil a peaceful surrender, he would even be a guest of the royal palace.

In 1859, Shamil wrote to one of his sons: " By the will of the Almighty, the Absolute Governor, I have fallen into the hands of unbelievers ... the Great Emperor ... has settled me here ... in a tall, spacious house with carpets and all the necessities.

McLane was appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Mexico on March 7, 1859 and was charged to determine if the government of Benito Juárez, in opposition to the Emperor, was worthy of recognition.

With the return of peace, Tegetthoff accompanied Fredinand Maximilian on a voyage to Brazil to visit Emperor Pedro II during the winter of 1859 / 60.

The company was named after Joshua A. Norton, a San Francisco citizen noted for proclaiming himself Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico in 1859.

The Carte de Visite was slow to gain widespead use until 1859, when Disdéri published Emperor Napoleon III's photos in this format.

His younger brother Ferdinand Joseph ( who later became Emperor of Mexico ), served as his viceroy in Milan between 1857 and 1859.

Sarria, affectionately known as " Mama José " or similar among Imperial Court members, adopted the nickname " Widow Norton " as a reference to Joshua Norton, a much-celebrated citizen of 19th Century San Francisco who had declared himself Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico in 1859.

Apart from a few years under Napoleon and during the 1848 revolution, the ghetto lasted until Italian unification in 1859.

In April – July 1859, Napoleon III made a secret agreement with Cavour, Prime Minister of Piedmont, for France to assist in expelling Austria from the Italian Peninsula and bringing about a united Italy, in exchange for Piedmont ceding Savoy and the Nice region to France.

He went to war with Austria in 1859 and won a victory at Solferino, which resulted in Austria ceding Lombardy to Piedmont, and, in return, Napoleon received Savoy and Nice in 1860, and Roquebrune-Cap-Martin and Menton in 1861.

As part of his cousin's policy of alliance with Piedmont-Sardinia, in 1859 Prince Napoleon married Marie Clotilde, daughter of Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia.

Victor Hugo, who had hitherto shown support for Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, decided to go into exile after the coup, and became one of the harshest critics of Napoleon III, despite the amnesty of political opponents in 1859.

Napoleon III at the Battle of Solferino in 1859.

In April – July 1859 Napoleon made a secret deal with Cavour, Prime Minister of Piedmont, for France to assist in expelling Austria from the Italian peninsula and bringing about a united Italy, or at least a united northern Italy, in exchange for Piedmont ceding to France Savoy and the Nice region ( which was destined to become the so-called French Riviera ).

The Battle of Magenta was fought on June 4, 1859 during the Second Italian War of Independence, resulting in a French-Sardinian victory under Napoleon III against the Austrians under Marshal Ferencz Gyulai.

Napoleon III was moved by the losses, as he had argued back in 1852 " the French Empire is peace ", and for reasons including the Prussian threat and domestic protests by the Roman Catholics, he decided to put an end to the war with the Armistice of Villafranca ( 12 July 1859 ).

Paul Deschanel, the son of Émile Deschanel ( 1819 – 1904 ), professor at the Collège de France and senator, was born at Brussels, where his father was living in exile ( 1851 – 1859 ), owing to his opposition to Napoleon III.

Between the fall of the first Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 and the rise of his nephew in the Italian campaign of 1859, the powers had maintained peace in western Europe.

In 1859, Napoleon led France to war with Austria over Italy.

His friendship with the exiled Louis Napoleon helped lead to quick British acquiescence in the Prince-President's decision to restore the Empire in 1852, but did not prevent Malmesbury from pursuing a policy relatively sympathetic to Austria during the crisis leading up to the Italian War of 1859.

In 1859 he published the Essay on Foreign Jurisdiction and the Extradition of Criminals, a subject to which the attempt on Napoleon III's life, the discussions on the Conspiracy Bill, and the trial of Bernard, had drawn general attention.

This fortress, however, was not considered sufficient to repel potential British invasions, and so Napoleon III ordered the construction of the present fort in 1859.

The preliminary peace of Villafranca, agreed to between Napoleon III and Franz Joseph on 11 July, provided for the return of the Lorraines to Florence, but Leopold himself was seen as too unpopular to be accepted, so on 21 July 1859 he abdicated the throne in favour of his son, Ferdinand.

Soon afterwards, from 1855 to 1859 Frémiet was engaged on a series of military statuettes for Napoleon III, none of which have survived.

An attempt to organize a Hungarian legion during the Crimean War was stopped ; but in 1859 he entered into negotiations with Napoleon III, left England for Italy and began the organization of a Hungarian legion, which was to make a descent on the coast of Dalmatia.

It mainly concerns his activities between 1859 and 1861 including his meetings with Napoleon III, his dealings with the Italian statesman Cavour and his correspondence with the Balkan royal courts about his plans for a " Danubian federation " ( A plan for the federalization of Austria-Hungary ).

In 1859 he denounced Napoleon III.

As a result, Napoleon III forced him into exile between 1851 and 1859.

* in Afghanistan, a kingdom entitled to a gun salute of 21 guns ( the highest rank among princely states, not then among Sovereign monarchs ): the first British Residents were Sir Alexander Burnes ( 1837 – 2 November 1841 ); William Hay McNaghten ( 7 August 1839 – 23 December 1841 ); Eldred Pottinger ( December 1841 – 6 January 1842 ). After that, four native Vakils acted on behalf of the British government: Nawab Foujdar Khan ( 1856 – April 1859 ), Ghulam Husain Khan Allizai ( April 1859 – 1865 ), Bukhiar Khan ( February 1864 – January 1868, acting ), Attah Muhammad Khan Khagwani ( January 1868 – 1878 ); then there were two more British Residents Louis Napoleon Cavagnari ( 24 July 1879 – 3 September 1879 ), Henry Lepel-Griffin ( 1880 ); next came two Military Commanders ( 8 October 1879 – 11 August 1880 ) and until 1919 ten native British Agents, one of whom served two non-consecutive terms.