With the publication of Darwin's theory of evolution in 1859, the concept of a " natural system " of taxonomy gained a theoretical basis, and the idea was born that groups used in a system of classification should represent branches on the evolutionary tree of life.

With the war against Spain ( 1859 – 1860 ) came direct involvement in European affairs — although the independence of Morocco was guaranteed in the Conference of Madrid ( 1880 ), the French gained ever greater influence.

On December 27, 1852, King Maximilian II granted Ludwigshafen am Rhein political freedom and as soon as November 8, 1859, the settlement gained town status.

In 1859, city founder John Sikes who had married into the Stallcup family gained control of the land.

The same proved true during recessions, such as in 1859, when the railway lines gained a new agreement to save them from bankruptcy.

Victoria gained full responsible parliamentary government in 1855, New South Wales, South Australia and Tasmania in 1856, Queensland in 1859 and Western Australia ( owing to its much smaller population ) in 1890.

With the war against Spain ( 1859 – 1860 ) came direct involvement in European affairs — although the independence of Morocco was guaranteed in the Conference of Madrid ( 1880 ), the French gained ever greater influence.

They gained a fairly unsavoury reputation for their " low habits, general improvidence, love of gambling, total want of education, disregard for lawful marriage ceremonies, and their use of a peculiar slang language " ( John Camden Hotten, The Slang Dictionary, 1859 ).

It gradually gained in stature and importance during the 19th century and moved to its current Parisian location, avenue de la République, in 1859.

Showing some promise as a student, Brice began preparations for higher education and in 1859 gained admission to Miami University.

The region was part of the Principality of Moldavia since its founding in the 14th century and after the union of Moldavia with Wallachia in 1859 it became part of Romania, which gained its formal independence in 1877.

Among his more important works may be named Women Gleaning, and The Day after St Sebastian's Day ( 1855 ), which gained him a third-class medal ; Blessing the Fields ( 1857 ), a second-class medal ; Erecting a Calvary ( 1859 ), now in the Lille gallery ; The Return of the Gleaners ( 1859 ), now in the Luxembourg ; Evening and Women Weeding ( 1861 ), a first-class medal ; Grandfather's Birthday ( 1862 ); The Close of Day ( 1865 ); Harvest ( 1867 ); Potato Gatherers ( 1868 ); A Pardon, Brittany ( 1869 ); The Fountain ( 1872 ), medal of honour ; The Bonfires of St John ( 1875 ); Women mending Nets ( 1876 ), in the Douai museum ; A Gleaner ( 1877 ), Luxembourg ; Evening, Finistère ( 1881 ); The Song of the Lark ( 1884 ); The Last Sunbeam ( 1885 ); The Shepherd's Star ( 1888 ); The Call Home ( 1889 ); The Last Gleanings ( 1895 ); Gathering Poppies ( 1897 ); The Alarm Cry ( 1899 ); Twilight Glory ( 1900 ).

When Victoria gained responsible government in 1856, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly for Wimmera, which he represented until 1859, when he shifted to East Melbourne.

It gained its present name from the gold rushers in 1859.

By the mid-1830s, it was a thriving village and gained its own post office in 1859.

For the next ten years he worked in London under James Simpson and James Meadows Rendel, and the high reputation he achieved as a scientific engineer gained his appointment in 1859 to the chair of civil engineering in University College, London.

In 1859 he commanded a Hunters of the Alps battalion, fought in the Battle of Varese, and gained the Military Cross of Savoy.

In 1859, gold was discovered along the Fraser River in British Columbia and numerous people left Josephine County to search for valuable claims there.

He published several volumes of inventorial abstracts, a Répertoire archéologique du département in 1861 ; a valuable Histoire des ducs et comtes de Champagne depuis le VIe siècle jusqu ' à la fin du XIe, which was published between 1859 and 1869 ( 8 volumes ), and in 1880 an instructive monograph, Les Intendants de Champagne.

He graduated at Hamilton College in 1859, was a tutor there in 1859-1863, graduated from Columbia Law School in 1865, practised law in New York City until 1875, and, during 1875-1877, taught in the Syrian Protestant College at Beirut, where he discovered a valuable Syriac manuscript of the Philoxenian version of a large part of the New Testament, which he published in part in facsimile in 1884.

* Charles Hale Hoyt ( 1859 – 1900 ), playwright and theatrical producer

This he did on 30 June 1859, and a number of times thereafter, always with different theatrical variations: blindfolded, in a sack, trundling a wheelbarrow, on stilts, carrying a man ( his manager, Harry Colcord ) on his back, sitting down midway while he cooked and ate an omelet and standing on a chair with only one chair leg on the rope.

Abraham Lincoln Erlanger ( May 4, 1859 – March 7, 1930 ) was an American theatrical producer, director, designer, theatre owner, and a leading figure of the Theatrical Syndicate.

In 1859 he visited London, where he met Lacy, who had given up the stage and been active as a theatrical bookseller since the mid-1840s.

Henri Bergson ( 1859 – 1941 ), on the other hand, emphasized the difference between scientific, clock time and the direct, subjective, human experience of time His work on time and consciousness " had a great influence on twentieth-century novelists ," especially those modernists who used the stream of consciousness technique, such as Dorothy Richardson, Pointed Roofs, ( 1915 ), James Joyce, Ulysses ( 1922 ) and Virginia Woolf ( 1882 – 1941 ) Mrs Dalloway ( 1925 ), To the Lighthouse ( 1927 ).

It was established in 1859 by John Gault Maxwell to allow future generations to experience Kansas as it was in the 1800s, prior to settlement.

He contributed to Le Figaro, L ' Illustration, Le Gaulois, Le XIX ' Siècle and other periodicals ; but his main interest was dramatic criticism, of which he had his first experience in L ' Opinion nationale in 1859.

Brunel attended King's College London from 1859 – 1861, and afterward attained experience in civil engineering through serving out various apprenticeships.

His 1859 lecture to the Royal United Services Institute on practical surgery for naval and military officers was the direct result of his Crimean experience.

He acquired his military experience serving in the volunteer corps of Garibaldi in 1859 and 1860.

Henri Bergson ( 1859 – 1941 ), on the other hand, emphasized the difference between scientific, clock time and the direct, subjective, human experience of time His work on time and consciousness " had a great influence on twentieth-century novelists ," especially those modernists who used the stream of consciousness technique, such as Dorothy Richardson, Pointed Roofs ( 1915 ), James Joyce, Ulysses ( 1922 ) and Virginia Woolf ( 1882 – 1941 ) Mrs Dalloway ( 1925 ), To the Lighthouse ( 1927 ).

The first ironclad battleship, with iron armour over a wooden hull, La Gloire, was launched by the French Navy in 1859 ; she prompted the British Royal Navy to build a counter.

In Un Catalogue raisonné de manuscrits ethiopiens ( Paris, 1859 ) is a description of 234 Ethiopian manuscripts collected by Antoine.

Its guano deposits were mined by the American Guano Company from 1859 to 1878.

then the distribution correctly gives the Maxwell – Boltzmann distribution of gas molecule speeds, previously predicted by Maxwell in 1859.

For the next forty years, Chile's armed forces would be distracted from meddling in politics by skirmishes and defensive operations on the southern frontier, although some units got embroiled in domestic conflicts in 1851 and 1859.

Part of West Cambridge joined the new town of Belmont in 1859, and the rest of West Cambridge was renamed Arlington in 1867 ; Brighton was annexed by Boston in 1874.

Caving was pioneered by Édouard-Alfred Martel ( 1859 – 1938 ) who first achieved the descent and exploration of the Gouffre de Padirac, France as early as 1889 and the first complete descent of a 110 metre wet vertical shaft at Gaping Gill, in Yorkshire, England in 1895.

Its banner was again picked up by the Avar Imam Shamil, who fought against the Russians from 1834 until 1859.

Between 1859 and 1891, Peirce was intermittently employed in various scientific capacities by the United States Coast Survey, where he enjoyed his highly influential father's protection until the latter's death in 1880.

The edition of 1849 may be regarded as historically the most important, from the mass of new critical material it used ; that of 1859 is distinguished from Tischendorf's other editions by coming nearer to the received text ; in the eighth edition, the testimony of the Sinaitic manuscript received great ( probably too great ) weight.

According to Charles Darwin's 1859 theory of natural selection, features such as camouflage evolved by providing individual animals with a reproductive advantage, enabling them to leave more offspring, on average, than other members of the same species.

The Clipper Ship " Flying Cloud " off the Needles, Isle of Wight, by James E. Buttersworth, 1859 – 60.

Corsican was long the vernacular language alongside Italian, official language in Corsica until 1859, then it was replaced by French owing to the conquest of the island by France in 1768.

Inspired by Babbage's difference engine plans, Per Georg Scheutz built several difference engines from 1855 onwards, one of which was sold to the British government in 1859.

' The term was used in 1859 by German philosophers and frequent collaborators Moritz Lazarus and Heymann Steinthal in Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie und Sprachwissenschaft.

The movement culminated with the 1859 – 60 massacre and defeat of the Christians by the Druzes.

By 1859 — known by Ecuadorian historians as the Terrible Year — the nation was on the brink of anarchy.

** La Légende des Siècles ( The Legend of the Centuries ) by Victor Hugo ( 1859 – 1877 )

For example, at the time that Darwin first published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection ( 1859 ), no remains of human ancestors had yet been found.

She made her debut as a guitar player and singer in Peoria, Illinois in 1859, with George on the violin, and was teaching guitar by age thirteen.

The possibility of linking humans with earlier apes by descent only became clear after 1859 with the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species.

For him, the fact that his theory gave a straightforward explanation of the anomalous perihelion shift of the planet Mercury, discovered earlier by Urbain Le Verrier in 1859, was important evidence that he had at last identified the correct form of the gravitational field equations.

The argument and the evidence was further strengthened by Claude Pouillet in 1827 and 1838, and reasoned from experimental observations by John Tyndall in 1859, and more fully quantified by Svante Arrhenius in 1896.