Following his conquest of most of Western Europe, the first Napoleon made his elder brother Joseph ( 1768 – 1844 ) king first of Naples ( 1806 – 1808 ) and then of Spain ( 1808 – 1813 ), his third brother Louis ( 1778 – 1846 ) king of Holland ( 1806 – 1810 ) ( subsequently forcing his abdication after his failure to subordinate Dutch interests to those of France ) and his youngest brother Jérôme Bonaparte ( 1784 – 1860 ) king of Westphalia, the short-lived realm created from some of the states of northwestern Germany ( 1807 – 1813 ).

After that, censuses followed somewhat regularly in 1787, 1801, and 1834, and between 1840 and 1860, the censuses were taken every five years, and then every ten years until 1890.

The most significant figure of the era, however, was General José María Urbina, who first came to power in 1851 through a coup d ' état, remained in the presidency until 1856, and then continued to dominate the political scene until 1860.

Over the next 50 years many Mormons entered into plural marriages as a religious duty, with the number of plural marriages reaching a peak around 1860, and then declining through the rest of the century.

The 1860 phonautogram had not until then been played, as it was only an attempt to transcribe audio waves onto paper as a visual representation.

Quills went into decline after the invention of the metal pen, which was first patented in America in 1810 and then mass produced by 1860, although mass production began in Great Britain as early as 1822 by John Mitchell of Birmingham.

Before about 1860, most bay shores ( exception: rocky shores such as those in Carquinez Strait, along Marin shoreline, Point Richmond, Golden Gate area ) contained extensive wetlands that graded nearly invisibly from freshwater wetlands to salt marsh and then tidal mudflat.

In 1852 he was admitted to Cambridge University, earning the degrees of Bachelor of Arts in 1857, then Master of Arts in 1860 from Clare College, Cambridge.

In the second edition of January 1860, Darwin quoted Kingsley as " a celebrated cleric ", and added the phrase " by the Creator " to the closing sentence, which from then on read " life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one ".

While an " underground railroad " running south toward Florida, then a Spanish possession, existed from the late 17th century until shortly after the American Revolution, the network now generally known as the Underground Railroad was formed in the early 19th century, and reached its height between 1850 and 1860.

In 1860, Belgium formally adopted the song and music as its national anthem, although the then prime minister, Charles Rogier edited out lyrics attacking the Dutch Prince of Orange.

In 1860 the city was finally conquered by Giuseppe Garibaldi and the Mille, thus joining then newly formed Kingdom of Italy.

For years it was an Italian dominion, then became part of France in 1860.

By 1860, as many as 10, 000 prospectors had flocked to the town, then known as Mountain City, and surrounding prospects, but most soon left, many returning back east.

It was briefly assigned to Honduras in 1859 along with the Bay Islands north of the country, then ceded to Nicaragua in 1860 and the area was disputed until a treaty in 1965 divided the Mosquito coast for each country.

However, Muybridge missed the boat and instead left San Francisco in July 1860 to travel overland by the southern route to the East Coast and then by ship back to England.

Initiated in 1859 by the then president of the Toronto Turf Club, Sir Casimir Gzowski, a distinguished Polish engineer and ancestor of the popular Canadian broadcaster, Peter Gzowski, the Queen's Plate was inaugurated on June 27, 1860, at the Carleton racetrack in Toronto, Ontario.

Victor Emanuel then marched victoriously in the Marche and Umbria after the victorious battle of Castelfidardo ( 1860 ) over the Papal forces, after which he gained a Papal excommunication.

Italian patriot and general Giuseppe Garibaldi, who was born in the neighbouring Nice ( then part of Sardinian state ), started his Expedition of the Thousand on the evening of 5 May 1860 from a rock in Quarto, a quarter of Genoa.

The gain of the Milanese in 1859 by the future king of Italy ( 1861 ) meant that Italy then won the valley of Livigno ( between the Upper Engadine and Bormio ), which is the only important bit it holds on the non-Italian slope of the Alps, besides the county of Tenda ( obtained in 1575, and not lost in 1860 ), with the heads of certain glens in the Maritime Alps, reserved in 1860 for reasons connected with hunting.

By the eighth edition ( 1853 – 1860 ), the encyclopedia said of the Noah story, " The insuperable difficulties connected with the belief that all other existing species of animals were provided for in the ark are obviated by adopting the suggestion of Bishop Stillingfleet, approved by Matthew Poole ... and others, that the Deluge did not extend beyond the region of the Earth then inhabited ".

A final adjustment of the Appomattox-Buckingham county line was made in 1860 and Buckingham's borders then became fixed in their current form.

In 1860 the Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln for president, who won the presidency and then ran for reelection in 1864.

Harrisville Township, then comprising the entire county, was organized in 1860.

In the 1860 - 70 decade there are many poems like `` Revulsion '', but there is only one `` Neutral Tones ''.

* Emma, unfinished ; Charlotte Brontë wrote only 20 pages of the manuscript, published posthumously in 1860.

By 1860 the largest slaveholder owned only 16 slaves.

The only recorded description of an active jaguar den with breeding adults and kittens in the U. S. was in the Tehachapi Mountains of California prior to 1860.

The Welsford-Parker Monument in Halifax is the oldest war monument in Canada ( 1860 ) and the only Crimean War monument in North America.

In 1860, many former Whigs who had not joined the Republicans regrouped as the Constitutional Union Party, which nominated only a national ticket.

First of all in 1860 the town schools, hitherto open to " settlers " only on paying high fees, were made accessible to all, next in 1875 ten years ' residence ipso facto conferred the right of burghership, while in 1893 the eleven outlying districts were incorporated with the town proper

In contrast, Lincoln was to get only 10 percent of the Missouri vote in the 1860 Presidential Election.

He was the second of only two Democrats to be elected president between 1860 and 1932.

This story suffers not only from a lack of evidence, but the fact that in 1860 the typewriter itself had yet to emerge.

From this Spanish line comes the royal line of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ( 1734 – 1806 and 1815 – 1860, and Sicily only in 1806 – 1816 ), the Bourbon of the Two Sicilies family, and the Bourbon rulers of the Duchy of Parma.

Sherman initially denied that he had endorsed the book, and had instead only signed a circular recommending that the book be used as a Republican campaign tool for the 1860 race.

Bhatia believes that the earlier famines were localised, and it was only after 1860, during the British rule, that famine came to signify general shortage of foodgrains in the country.

As for Les Troyens, in 1860 the Théâtre Lyrique in Paris had agreed to stage it, only to reject it the following year.

Thus, by the spring of 1860, only four states remained in Italy — the Austrians in Venetia, the Papal States ( now minus the Legations ), the new expanded Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

Bloodletting in 1860, one of only three known photographs of the procedure.

In spite of this epiphany, Mussorgsky's music still leaned more toward foreign models ; a four-hand piano sonata which he produced in 1860 contains his only movement in sonata form.

The latter was the only important piece he composed between December 1860 and August 1863: the reasons for this probably lie in the painful re-emergence of his subjective crisis in 1860 and the purely objective difficulties which resulted from the emancipation of the serfs the following year – as a result of which the family was deprived of half its estate, and Mussorgsky had to spend a good deal of time in Karevo unsuccessfully attempting to stave off their looming impoverishment.

The two state-subsidised opera houses, the Opéra and the Opéra-Comique, each presented traditional repertoires that tended to stifle and frustrate new homegrown talent ; only eight of the 54 Prix de Rome laureates between 1830 and 1860 had had works staged at the Opéra.

France indeed only gained Nice and Savoy after the Treaty of Turin was signed in March 1860, after Cavour had been reinstalled as Prime Minister, and a deal with the French was struck for plebiscites to take place in the Central Italian Duchies.

Baron and noble ( nobile ) are hereditary titles and, as such, could only be created or recognised by the kings of Italy or ( before 1860 ) the pre-unitary Italian states such as the Two Sicilies, Tuscany, Parma or Modena, or by the Holy See ( Vatican ) or the Republic of San Marino.