Following his conquest of most of Western Europe, the first Napoleon made his elder brother Joseph ( 1768 – 1844 ) king first of Naples ( 1806 – 1808 ) and then of Spain ( 1808 – 1813 ), his third brother Louis ( 1778 – 1846 ) king of Holland ( 1806 – 1810 ) ( subsequently forcing his abdication after his failure to subordinate Dutch interests to those of France ) and his youngest brother Jérôme Bonaparte ( 1784 – 1860 ) king of Westphalia, the short-lived realm created from some of the states of northwestern Germany ( 1807 – 1813 ).

French intervention on behalf of the Maronites did not help the Maronite national movement, since France was restricted in 1860 by Britain, which did not want the Ottoman Empire dismembered.

* 1860 – The discovery of the planet Vulcan is announced at a meeting of the French Academy of Sciences in Paris, France.

In July 1860, with European intervention threatening, the Turkish government tried to quiet the strife, but Napoleon III of France sent 7, 000 troops to Beirut and helped impose a partition: The Druze control of the territory was recognized as the fact on the ground, and the Maronites were forced into an enclave, arrangements ratified by the Concert of Europe in 1861.

Monaco remained in this position until 1860, when by the Treaty of Turin, Sardinia ceded to France the surrounding county of Nice ( as well as Savoy ).

A more successful and safer regulator was mass produced in France from 1865 to 1965 ( although production was twice interrupted during that period ): invented by Benoît Rouquayrol in 1860 for survival in flooded mines it was adapted to diving in 1864 with the help of French Navy officer Auguste Denayrouze.

Dickson was born on 3 August 1860 in Le Minihic-sur-Rance, Brittany, France.

Gladstone's budget of 1860 was introduced on 10 February along with the Cobden-Chevalier Treaty between Britain and France that would reduce tariffs between the two countries.

* September 1 – Honoré Charles Reille, Marshal of France ( d. 1860 )

Fencing consisting of flat and thin wire was first proposed in France, by Leonce Eugene Grassin-Baledans in 1860.

The first gas absorption refrigeration system using gaseous ammonia dissolved in water ( referred to as " aqua ammonia ") was developed by Ferdinand Carré of France in 1859 and patented in 1860.

For years it was an Italian dominion, then became part of France in 1860.

By a treaty concluded in 1860 between the Sardinian king and Napoleon III, the County was again ceded to France as a territorial reward for French assistance in the Second Italian War of Independence against Austria, which saw Lombardy unified with Piedmont-Sardinia.

After the annexation of Nice by France in 1860 it was rechristened La Promenade des Anglais, replacing the former Nissart name with its French translation.

Before Nice was returned to France in 1860, the Var marked the eastern border of France along the Mediterranean.

After the treaty annexing Nice and Savoy to France, signed in Turin on March 1860 ( Treaty of Turin ), the north-western slopes of the range became part of French repubblic.

* 1860: in Espalion ( France ), mining engineer Benoît Rouquayrol designs a self-contained breathing set with a backpack cylindrical air tank that supplied air through the first demand regulator to be commercialized ( as of 1865, see below ).

Jérôme Bonaparte died on 24 June, 1860, at Villegenis, France ( today Massy in Essonne ).

In China, France took part in the Second Opium War along with Britain, and in 1860 French troops entered Peking.

France indeed only gained Nice and Savoy after the Treaty of Turin was signed in March 1860, after Cavour had been reinstalled as Prime Minister, and a deal with the French was struck for plebiscites to take place in the Central Italian Duchies.

The final act in this long-continued struggle took place in 1860, when France obtained by cession the rest of the county of Nice and also Savoy, thus remaining sole ruler on the western slope of the Alps.

An earlier underwater breathing regulator, known as the régulateur, was invented in France in 1860 by Benoît Rouquayrol.

Together with the Haute-Savoie, Savoie is one of the two departments of the historic region of Savoy that was annexed by France on June 14, 1860, following the signature of the Treaty of Turin on March 24, 1860.

In 1860, the count of Königsdorff acquired the lands and suggested the construction of bath facilities.

Though the Arkansas property was acquired by him in 1860, the Civil War prevented McNab from cultivating his new property.

Originally called " West Urbana ", it was renamed Champaign when it acquired a city charter in 1860.

The opening of the Staten Island Railway in 1860 increased traffic further and newer boats were acquired, named after the towns of Richmond County which covered the whole of Staten Island.

The site had been acquired from the Birmingham and Midland Institute ( BMI ) in 1860 after the construction of their own building in 1857 on the corner of Paradise Street and Ratcliff Place.

In the Stalinist tradition, the pre – 1860 Chinese presence in lands Tsarist Russia acquired with, the Treaty of Aigun and the Convention of Peking, became a politically incorrect subject in the Soviet press, “ inconvenient ” museum exhibits were removed from public view, and the Jurchen-script text about the Jin Dynasty stele, supported by a stone tortoise in the Khabarovsk Museum, was covered with cement.

The Ramakrishna Mission acquired a legal status when it was registered in 1909 under Act XXI of 1860.

The statue of the Infant St John, which had been modelled in Florence in 1860, was exhibited in Paris in bronze, and was acquired by the French State for the Musée du Luxembourg.

He became acquainted with Lilly Anheuser, whose parents had a small brewery which her father Eberhard Anheuser acquired in 1860, renaming it from the Bavarian Brewery to the E. Anheuser Brewery.

He acquired his military experience serving in the volunteer corps of Garibaldi in 1859 and 1860.

Great Britain acquired Hong Kong Island in 1842, Kowloon Peninsula in 1860, and leased the New Territories rent-free in 1898.

The site was acquired by the War Office in about 1860 to form part of a ring of forts protecting the Royal Dockyard at Chatham.

From the Waverley Route, a line ( initiated by a separate company-the Border Counties Railway-absorbed into the NBR in 1860 ) also completed in 1862 branched southeastwards to reach Hexham, where it connected with the North Eastern Railway's Newcastle-Carlisle line over which the NBR acquired running rights into Newcastle.

Beginning in the 1830s American settlements appeared in the Iowa Territory, U. S. statehood was acquired in 1846, and by 1860 almost the entire state was settled and farmed.

The expedition set sail on the evening of 5 May 1860 from a rock in Quarto, a district of Genoa, on the steamships Il Piemonte and Il Lombardo, which were acquired from G. B.

Great Britain acquired Hong Kong Island in 1842, Kowloon Peninsula in 1860, and leased the New Territories in 1898

Hong Kong's territory was acquired from three separate treaties: the Treaty of Nanking in 1842, the Treaty of Beijing in 1860, and The Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory in 1898, which gave the UK the control of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon ( area south of Boundary Street ), and the New Territories ( area north of Boundary Street and south of the Shenzhen River, and outlying islands ), respectively.

He left behind the medical profession upon marrying Zerelda and moved onto a farm, raised tobacco, and supposedly acquired a total of seven slaves by 1860.

In 1860, Mort acquired the Bodalla estate near the mouth of the Tuross River.

Most active between 1840 and 1860, it acquired 214 members and influenced literary life in Berlin for more than seventy years.

The neighborhood acquired its new name sometime around 1860 from the name of the coast of North Africa ( Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt ) where Arab pirates attacked Mediterranean ships.

Among his numerous works mention may also be made of The Feast at the Chateau ( 1851 ), The Unwelcome Guests ( 1852, Brussels Gallery ), generally regarded as his masterpiece, The Rat Hunt ( acquired by Leopold II, king of the Belgians ), The Arquebusier ( 1860 ), and The Stirrup Cup.