Land warfare in the East was inconclusive in 1861 – 62, as the Confederacy beat back Union efforts to capture its capital, Richmond, Virginia, notably during the Peninsular Campaign.

This became poignantly true during the most serious test of American cohesion in the U. S. Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ).

Armoured trains saw use during the 19th century in the American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ), the Franco-Prussian War ( 1870 – 1871 ), the First and Second Boer Wars ( 1880 – 81 and 1899 – 1902 ), the First ( 1914 – 1918 ) and Second World Wars ( 1939 – 1945 ) and the First Indochina War ( 1946 – 1954 ).

Between 1861 and 1871, the Tanzimat reforms which began during the reign of his brother Abdülmecid I were continued under the leadership of his chief ministers, Keçecizade Mehmet Fuat Pasha and Mehmed Emin Aali Pasha.

Aberdare, during its boom years, was considered a centre of Welsh culture: it hosted the first National Eisteddfod in 1861, again in 1885, and in 1956 at Aberdare Park where the Gorsedd standing stones still exist.

These included a model dairy which he developed during 1861, the year of his death.

Each of the other candidates had hindrances to his nomination: Bayard had spoken in favor of secession in 1861, making him unacceptable to Northerners ; Butler, conversely, was reviled throughout the South for his actions during the Civil War ; Thurman was generally well liked, but was growing old and infirm, and his views on the silver question were uncertain.

Gone with the Wind takes place in the southern United States in the state of Georgia during the American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ) and the Reconstruction Era ( 1865 – 1877 ) that followed the war.

In 1861 Severn was appointed British Consul in Rome during the ferment over Italian unification.

After being bedridden with a case of pneumonia during the fall of 1861, Martin Van Buren died of bronchial asthma and heart failure at his Lindenwald estate in Kinderhook at 2: 00 a. m. on July 24, 1862.

Moore also contributed to the renovation of the house used as headquarters during 1861 – 1862 by Major General Thomas J.

The Pony Express from 1860 to 1861 was to prove that the Central Nevada Route across Nevada and Utah and the sections of the Oregon Trail across Wyoming and Nebraska was viable during the winter.

He served as a General in the Union Army during the American Civil War ( 1861 – 65 ), for which he received recognition for his outstanding command of military strategy as well as criticism for the harshness of the " scorched earth " policies that he implemented in conducting total war against the Confederate States.

In 1861 John Butterfield, who since 1858 had been using the Butterfield Overland Mail, also switched to the Central Route to avoid traveling through hostile territories during the American Civil War.

On November 9, 1861, during the American Civil War, soldiers of the 11th, 18th, and 29th Illinois Regiments set up camp in Bloomfield, Missouri.

A one-volume abridgment, Journeys and Explorations in the Cotton Kingdom ( 1861 ), was published during the first six months of the American Civil War at the suggestion of Olmsted's English publisher.

The Morrill Tariff of 1861 was a high protective tariff in the United States, adopted on March 2, 1861, during the administration of President James Buchanan, a Democrat.

The 11th New York was badly mauled during the First Battle of Bull Run in July 1861 as it acted as the rear guard for the retreating Army of the Potomac.

* 1861 — Gustav Spörer discovers the variation of sun-spot latitudes during a solar cycle, explained by Spörer's law

The Act, § 15 of the appropriations bill for the Army for 1879, found at, was a response to, and subsequent prohibition of, the military occupation by U. S. Army troops of the former Confederate States during the ten years of Reconstruction ( 1867 – 1877 ) following the American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ).

It was heavily restored by Sir George Gilbert Scott, after a partial collapse during a storm in 1861.

Dadd also produced many shipping scenes and landscapes during his incarceration, such as the ethereal 1861 watercolour Port Stragglin.

* George H. Tichenor, who experimented with the use of alcohol on wounds c. 1861 – 1863 during the American Civil War.

It held the campus of the U. S. Naval Academy during the American Civil War ( 1861 – 65 ), when the undergraduate officer training school was temporarily moved north from Annapolis, Maryland.

Over the period 1858 to 1861, John McDouall Stuart led six expeditions north from Adelaide into the outback, culminating in successfully reaching the north coast of Australia and returning, without the loss of any of the party's members ' lives.

The first milestones in the Japanese media history were newspapers in the Meiji period, the first being the Nagasaki Shipping List & Advertiser, founded 1861 in Nagasaki, with the telegraph and telephone following suit.

During the period of the semi-autonomous province ( Mutasarrifia ) period of Mount Lebanon between 1861 and 1914, no Turkish troops were allowed to station within its boundary.

Gold discoveries in Otago ( 1861 ) and Westland ( 1865 ), caused a worldwide gold rush that more doubled the population in a short period, from 71, 000 in 1859 to 164, 000 in 1863.

After the end of the Spanish period following the European wars of the early 18th century, the brief period of Austrian rule ( 1708 – 1717 ) was succeeded by domination by the Piemontese, who then took over the Title of Kingdom of Sardinia ( 1720 – 1861 ).

The 1846 tariff rates initiated a fourteen-year period of relative free trade by nineteenth century standards lasting until the high Morrill Tariff of 1861.

Thereafter it shared the fate of the Kingdom of Naples — including the period of Spanish rule of which the 16th-century castle of Charles V, overlooking modern Crotone, serves as a reminder — and its successor, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, which was conquered by the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1860 and incorporated into the new Kingdom of Italy in 1861.

During the period 1837 – 1861, settlers arrived from Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee, and Georgia.

Yankton was the territorial capital of the Dakota Territory from 1861 until 1883 ( when the capital was moved to Bismarck ) and during this period the newspaper in Yankton grew swiftly with its reporting of the political wars of the Dakota Territory.

Between April 3, 1860, and late October 1861, St. Joseph was one of the two endpoints of the Pony Express, which operated for a short period over the land then inaccessible by rail, to provide fast mail service.

The train station was built in 1861, which, together with the agricultural revolution, resulted in a new period of expansion for the city.

Between 1848 and 1861, a sequence of events led to the independence and unification of Italy ( except for Venetia, Rome, Trento and Trieste, known as Italia irredenta, which were united with the rest of Italy in 1866, 1870, and 1918 respectively ); this period of Italian history is known as the Risorgimento, or resurgence.

The intimate atmosphere of the royal court came to an end on 14 December 1861, when her father died and her mother entered a period of intense mourning.

Borland helped recruit troops for the Confederate States Army during this period, and helped raise the " 3rd Arkansas Cavalry " on June 10, 1861, and became its first colonel.

Perhaps the most disastrous lame duck period in US history was the 1860 – 1861 transition from the administration of James Buchanan to that of Abraham Lincoln.

Lubbock stayed in Downe except for a brief period from 1861 – 65, when he lived in Chislehurst.

After that period he held no public office, except that he was one of the presidential electors in the canvass of 1860, and by appointment of Governor William Alfred Buckingham was a delegate to the Peace Convention which met in Washington, in 1861, by request of the State of Virginia.

Iswar Gupta, Michael Madhusudan Dutta ( 1834 – 1873 ), Biharilal Chakravarti ( 1834 – 94 ), Rabindranath Tagore ( 1861 – 1941 ), Kazi Nazrul Islam ( 1899 – 1976 ), and Jatindramohan Bagchi ( 1878 – 1948 ) are noteworthy poets of this period.

During most of the period from the fall of Rome until the Kingdom of Italy was established in 1861, the peninsula was divided into several smaller states.

It was developed by Hosoda Yasubei during the Bunkyū years ( 1861 – 1863 ) in the Edo period.

The Self-Strengthening Movement (), c 1861 – 1895, was a period of institutional reforms initiated during the late Qing Dynasty following a series of military defeats and concessions to foreign powers.

Restoration in the late 19th century brought with it a period of prosperity and political calm, the roundabouts of San Vicente, the Teatro y Colón, the Casino Artístico y Literario in 1885, the Teatro Guerra in 1861, and the Plaza de Toros in 1892, etc.

After a period as lighthouse inspector and at Charlestown Navy Yard, he served on the, 1859 – 1861, then took command of the steam-gunboat, serving with David Farragut on the Mississippi River, was promoted to commander on 16 July 1862, and given command of the steam-sloop blockading Mobile Bay.