This became poignantly true during the most serious test of American cohesion in the U. S. Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ).

But in spite of the best efforts of Atchison and the Ruffians, Kansas did reject slavery and finally became a free state in 1861.

Gradually, Elizabeth became an unwelcome presence among the male students who in 1861, presented a memorial to the school against her admittance as a fellow student.

Tuscany became a province of the United Kingdom of Italy in 1861.

In 1857, the king had a stroke and his brother William became regent, then became King William I in 1861.

From about 1790 textiles became the most important industry in the west of Scotland, especially the spinning and weaving of cotton, which flourished until in 1861 the American Civil War cut off the supplies of raw cotton.

There, he became State's attorney for the twenty-seventh judicial district of Illinois, holding the position from March 1861 to December 1868.

Nawab Sikandar Begum Sahiba, Nawab Begum of Bhopal, who became a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India ( GCSI ) in 1861, at the foundation of the order.

* 1861 – Edward Clark became Governor of Texas, replacing Sam Houston, who has been evicted from the office for refusing to take an oath of loyalty to the Confederacy.

In 1861 the Ceylon Light Infantry Volunteers were raised as a militia, but soon became a military reserve force.

The regent became King William I upon his brother's death in 1861.

When the country could not reconcile the issue of slavery and the federal union, the southern Presbyterians split from the original PCUSA, forming the Presbyterian Church in the Confederate States of America in 1861, which became the Presbyterian Church in the United States after the American Civil War.

South Australia granted restricted women's suffrage in 1861, and in 1895 became the second place in the world to grant universal suffrage ( after New Zealand ), and the first where women had the dual rights to vote and to stand for election.

Smallpox afflicted the islands in the 17th and 18th centuries, but as vaccines became common after 1760 the population increased to a maximum of 31, 670 in 1861.

Around the time of the American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ) he became quite successful as a riverboater.

William and Jane had two daughters, Jane Alice ( Jenny ), born January 1861, who developed epilepsy in her teens, and Mary ( May ) ( March 1862 – 1938 ), who became the editor of her father's works, a prominent socialist, and an accomplished designer and craftswoman.

In 1861, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences became the first U. S. school to award the PhD.

Occupied by Piedmontese troops in 1859, Ravenna and the surrounding Romagna area became part of the new unified Kingdom of Italy in 1861.

After the plebiscite later that year Palermo and the whole of Sicily became part of the new Kingdom of Italy ( 1861 ).

The history of the post-war U. S. military presence in the Valley is preserved at Fort Garland and other sites in the Valley, which became part of the Territory of Colorado in 1861.

A few years later, in 1861 the US Army killed some of Cochise ’ s relatives near Apache Pass, in what became known as the Bascom Affair.

It was the capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia ( which in 1861 became the Kingdom of Italy ) from 1324 to 1720 and from 1798 to 1814.

Narendra became fascinated with the evolutionism of Herbert Spencer and had correspondence with him ; he translated Spencer's book Education ( 1861 ) into Bengali.

In response, in 1861, he started the Atuagagdliutt, Greenland's first newspaper, with a native Greenlander as editor.

The Tribune absorbed three other Chicago publications under the new editors: the Free West in 1855, the Democratic Press in 1858, and the Chicago Democrat in 1861, whose editor, John Wentworth, left his position to become Chicago Mayor.

Returning to England in 1861 he worked as a journalist on the staff of the Daily Telegraph, a newspaper with which he continued to be associated as editor for more than forty years, and later became its editor-in-chief.

* The Independent ( 1861 – 63 ) ( periodical, as editor )

In November 1861 he founded the Otago Daily Times and became its first editor.

* July 3 — Fernand Brouez, Belgian editor and founder of La Société Nouvelle ( born 1861 )

Also in 1861 Froude became editor of Fraser's Magazine following the death of former editor John Parker, who was also Froude's publisher.

He was also editor of the paper from 1861 to 1872.

Subsequently he became editor of the Commonwealth in Boston, and wrote The Rejected Stone ( 1861 ) and The Golden Hour ( 1862 ), both powerful pleas for emancipation.

Furnivall was one of the three founders and, from 1861 to 1870, the second editor of the Oxford English Dictionary.

In 1861 he joined Meredith Townsend as joint editor and part proprietor of the Spectator, then a well-known liberal weekly, but it did not pay.

With George Ripley, he edited the Christian Register, a Unitarian weekly, beginning in 1833 ; in 1834, in association with Sumner, he became editor of The American Jurist ( 1829 – 1843 ), a legal journal to which Sumner, Simon Greenleaf and Theron Metcalf contributed ; and from 1856 to 1861 he was an associate editor of the Boston Courier.

His success with it led to his being given the position of editor of the Boston Atlas and Bee, which he held from 1859 through 1861.

Charles Hazlitt Cahan, PC, KC ( October 31, 1861 – August 15, 1944 ) was a prominent Canadian lawyer, newspaper editor, businessman, and provincial and federal politician.

* Maximilian Harden ( 1861 – 1927 ), journalist and editor

The recognised founder and first editor was Arthur Sidney Lyon ( 1817 – 1861 ) who was assisted by its printer, the later mayor of Brisbane and member of Queensland Legislative Council, the hon James Swan ( 1811 – 1891 ).

A younger brother, James Q. Dealey ( 1861 – 1937 ), was a professor of political science at Brown University and, after retiring from Brown, editor of the Morning News.

* William Pitt Byrne ( 1806 – 1861 ), British newspaper editor and proprietor of The Morning Post

He left the position as observatory manager in 1861 as well, but continued as editor of the Norwegian almanac until 1863 and as director of the Norwegian Mapping Authority until 1872.

Byron also wrote for periodicals, and in 1861, he became the first editor of Fun magazine, where he showcased the comic talents of the then-unknown W. S. Gilbert.

From 1848 to 1861, he was associate editor of the New York Independent, which he had helped to establish ; from 1887 to 1897 he was president of the American board of commissioners for foreign missions, and he was prominent in the Long Island Historical Society.