The Royal Horticultural Society ( RHS ) was founded in 1804 in London, England as the Horticultural Society of London, and gained its present name in a Royal Charter granted in 1861.

By March 1861, no leaders of the insurrection had proposed rejoining the Union on any terms.

Nevertheless, in 1861, Lincoln justified the war in terms of legalisms ( the Constitution was a contract, and for one party to get out of a contract all the other parties had to agree ), and then in terms of the national duty to guarantee a republican form of government in every state.

Based on the assumption that Kentucky neutrality would act as a shield against a direct invasion from the north, Tennessee initially had sent men to Virginia and concentrated defenses in the Mississippi Valley, circumstances that no longer applied in September 1861.

Although it had at first been somewhat established in many colonies, in 1861 it was ruled that, except where specifically established, the Church of England had just the same legal position as any other church.

Her mother, Nadezhda Kalmykova, was the daughter of a former serf who had bought his freedom before serfdom was abolished in 1861, allowing him to become a wealthy Moscow merchant .< ref >

He married secondly at the Dolmabahçe Palace in 1861 to HH Edâdil Kadın Efendi ( 1845 – Dolmabahçe Palace, 12 December 1875 ), and had one child.

In June 1861, Monet joined the First Regiment of African Light Cavalry in Algeria for a seven-year commitment, but, two years later, after he had contracted typhoid fever, his aunt intervened to get him out of the army if he agreed to complete an art course at an art school.

Each of the other candidates had hindrances to his nomination: Bayard had spoken in favor of secession in 1861, making him unacceptable to Northerners ; Butler, conversely, was reviled throughout the South for his actions during the Civil War ; Thurman was generally well liked, but was growing old and infirm, and his views on the silver question were uncertain.

After Italy was unified in 1861, many of Verdi's early operas were re-interpreted as Risorgimento works with hidden Revolutionary messages that probably had not been intended by either the composer or librettist.

In 1857, the king had a stroke and his brother William became regent, then became King William I in 1861.

George Finlay's 1861 History of Greek Revolution records that by 1831 Kapodistrias's government had become hated, chiefly by the independent Maniates, but also by the Roumeliotes and the rich and influential merchant families of Hydra, Spetses and Psara.

He continued to submit his works to the Salon, where his painting Spanish Singer had won a 2nd class medal in 1861, and he urged the others to do likewise, arguing that " the Salon is the real field of battle " where a reputation could be made.

Once Siena had been conquered by Florence under the rule of the Medici family in 1555, Montalcino held out for almost four years, but ultimately fell to the Florentines, under whose control it remained until the Grand Duchy of Tuscany was amalgamated into a united Italy in 1861.

His grandfather, Marcantonio Pacelli, had been Under-Secretary in the Papal Ministry of Finances and then Secretary of the Interior under Pope Pius IX from 1851 – 70 and helped found the Vatican's newspaper, L ' Osservatore Romano in 1861.

Thereafter, postage stamp use in the U. S. quickly doubled, and by 1861 had quadrupled.

When Virginia declared its secession from the Union in April 1861, Lee chose to follow his home state, despite his personal desire for the Union to stay intact and despite the fact that President Abraham Lincoln had offered Lee command of the Union Army.

While rural agrarian peasants had been emancipated from serfdom in 1861, they still resented paying redemption payments to the state, and demanded communal tender of the land they worked.

South Australia granted restricted women's suffrage in 1861, and in 1895 became the second place in the world to grant universal suffrage ( after New Zealand ), and the first where women had the dual rights to vote and to stand for election.

The third edition came out in 1861, with a number of sentences rewritten or added and an introductory appendix, An Historical Sketch of the Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species, while the fourth in 1866 had further revisions.

Nast's cartoons and articles about the Garibaldi military campaign to unify Italy captured the popular imagination in the U. S. In 1861, he married Sarah Edwards, whom he had met two years earlier.

He continued working on Mississippi riverboats and he had obtained his own by 1861, named Cotton Queen.

This dilemma was seen most notably in 1861 and 1933, as Abraham Lincoln and Franklin D. Roosevelt ( plus the newly elected Senators and Representatives ) had to wait four months before they, and the incoming-Congresses, could deal with the secession of Southern states and the Great Depression respectively.

During the American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ), British leaders personally disliked American republicanism and favoured the more aristocratic Confederacy, as it had been a major source of cotton for textile mills.

In spring 1861, Carnegie was appointed by Scott, who was now Assistant Secretary of War in charge of military transportation, as Superintendent of the Military Railways and the Union Government's telegraph lines in the East.

* 1861 – American Civil War: Battle of Philippi ( also called the Philippi Races ) – Union forces rout Confederate troops in Barbour County, Virginia, now West Virginia, in first land battle of the War.

Around 1868, Sherman began to write a " private " recollection for his children about his life before the Civil War, identified now as his unpublished " Autobiography, 1828 – 1861 ".

In 1861 Hering described an optical illusion which now bears his name – Hering illusion.

Often they have been placed in the Tyrrhenian Sea, off the coast of south-western Italy near Paestum or between Sorrento and Capri: " three small islands on the southwest coast of Campania, now Licosa, St. Pietro and La Galetta " reported George Richard Crooks, Christian Frederik Ingersley, on the basis of Alexander Jacob Schem, A new Latin-English school-lexicon, ( Philadelphia ), 1861 s. v.

Churchill County was established in 1861 and named after Fort Churchill ( which is now in Lyon County ), which was named after General Sylvester Churchill, a Mexican-American War hero who was Inspector General of the U. S. Army in 1861.

Churchill County was not organized until 1864, and its county seats were Bucklands ( 1861 – 64 ) which is now in Lyon County, La Plata ( 1864 – 68 ), Stillwater ( 1868 – 1904 ) and Fallon ( 1904 – present ).

* St. Michael's parish church, Letcombe Bassett, Berkshire ( now Oxfordshire ): nave and south aisle, 1861

On September 17, 1861, Mrs. Mary Smith Peake taught the first classes to African American children on the grounds of what is now Hampton University at Hampton Roads in Virginia under the shade of the Emancipation Oak.

* William Ranwell ( 1797 – 1861 ), artist and Army Drawing Master lived at 8 Beresford Terrace ( now 42 Hillreach ), from 1849-1861.

By 1861, Ottawa County now had a population of 15, 671, of which 3, 711 lived in Hull Township.

Originally the name was two words, Oro Fino, applied to a gold mining camp established in 1861 two miles ( 3 km ) south of Pierce, that is now a ghost town.

The first individuals to own the land upon which Basehor now stands were Thomas S. and Mary Z. Townest ( though William Henery Lewis, who surveyed for the Railroad, bought an exstensive plot on land to the northeast of Basehor around 1861 and homsteaded it right after the civil war ) The couple bought it from the railroad in 1873 and mortgaged it to Ephraim Basehor the same year.

In 1861, after decades of dispute, the United States Supreme Court moved the state boundary to what is now State Avenue, thereby creating a City of Fall River entirely within Massachusetts.

Portions of the town were taken to form South Orange Township ( April 1, 1861, now known as Maplewood ), Fairmount ( March 11, 1862, now part of West Orange ), East Orange Township ( March 4, 1863 ) and West Orange Township ( April 10, 1863 ).

Phillipsburg was incorporated as a town by an Act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 8, 1861, from portions of Phillipsburg Township ( now Lopatcong Township ).

Until 1861, Brady Township also included what is now Gregg Township, Union County.

Other Victorian era tourist attractions included a coach road ( 1861 )— now the Mount Washington Auto Road — and the Mount Washington Cog Railway ( 1869 ), both of which are still in operation.

Eventually, in 1861, he sold his sovereign rights to the Free State for 4 000 and removed with his followers to the district now known as Griqualand East.

The year 1879 found Sherman, now Secretary of the Treasury, in possession of sufficient specie to redeem notes as requested, but as this brought the value of the greenbacks into parity with gold for the first time since the Specie Suspension of December 1861, the public voluntarily accepted the greenbacks as part of the circulating medium.

Nevertheless Meyerbeer's last years saw the composition of a good deal of non-operatic music, including a Coronation March for William I of Prussia, ( 1861 ), an overture for the 1862 International Exhibition in London, and incidental music ( now lost ) to Henri Blaze de Bury's play La jeunesse de Goethe ( 1860 ).