However, lacking requested reinforcements from McClellan, now commanding the Army of the Potomac, Pope was soundly defeated at the Second Battle of Bull Run in the summer of 1862, forcing the Army of the Potomac to defend Washington for a second time.

He signed the Homestead Act in 1862, making millions of acres of government-held land in the West available for purchase at very low cost.

Pillow took up a position at nearby Clarksville, Tennessee and did not move into the fort itself until February 7, 1862.

Gen. Beauregard arrived at Johnston's headquarters at Bowling Green on February 4, 1862 and was given overall command of Polk's force at the western end of Johnston's line at Columbus, Kentucky.

Johnston knew he could be trapped at Bowling Green if Fort Donelson fell, so he moved his force to Nashville, the capital of Tennessee and an increasingly important Confederate industrial center, beginning on February 11, 1862.

Bragg at least calmed the nerves of Beauregard and Polk who had become agitated by their apparent dire situation in the face of numerically superior forces before the arrival of Johnston on March 24, 1862.

Johnston launched a massive surprise attack with his concentrated forces against Grant at the Battle of Shiloh on April 6, 1862.

In September 1862, the Confederate campaign in Maryland ended in defeat at the Battle of Antietam, which dissuaded the British from intervening.

He received a brevet promotion to lieutenant colonel in the regular army for his actions at Antietam and was promoted in March 1863 to major general of volunteers, to rank from November 29, 1862.

* 1862 – American Civil War: The Battle at Lee's Mills in Virginia.

From 1850 onwards he became well known as a critic and essay-writer, and in 1860 he began working on his magnum opus, his History of Music, which was published at intervals from 1862 in five volumes, the last two ( 1878, 1882 ) being edited and completed by Otto Kade and Wilhelm Langhans.

Founded on 4 February 1862, and family-owned for the past seven generations, Bacardi now employs nearly 6, 000 people, manufactures its brands at 27 facilities in 16 markets on four continents, with sales in more than 150 countries.

Edward Bishop Elliott, in the Horae Apocalypticae ( 1862 ), argues that John wrote the book in exile on Patmos " at the close of the reign of Domitian ; that is near the end of the year 95 or beginning of 96 ".

There, with the active aid of the Russian government, he at length got access to the remainder of the precious Sinaitic codex, and persuaded the monks to present it to Tsar Alexander II of Russia, at whose cost it was published in 1862 ( in four folio volumes ).

Disillusioned with the traditional art taught at art schools, in 1862 Monet became a student of Charles Gleyre in Paris, where he met Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Frédéric Bazille and Alfred Sisley.

Further exploration by Henri Lambert, French Consular Agent at Aden, and Captain Fleuriot de Langle led to a treaty of friendship and assistance between France and the sultans of Raheita, Tadjoura, and Gobaad, from whom the French purchased the anchorage of Obock in 1862.

In March 1862, Union forces in the Trans-Mississippi theater won a decisive victory at Pea Ridge in Arkansas and secured Union control of Missouri.

Haeckel studied under Karl Gegenbaur at the University of Jena for three years, earning a doctorate in zoology, before becoming a professor of comparative anatomy at the University of Jena, where he remained for 47 years, from 1862 to 1909.

Although usually thought of as a spiritual, the earliest recorded use of the song was as a rallying anthem for the Contrabands at Fort Monroe sometime before July 1862.

Revised and expanded, it was performed at the Crystal Palace in 1862 and was an immediate sensation.

Hawk's maternal grandfather, C. W. Howard ( 1845 – 1916 ), had homesteaded in Neenah, Wisconsin in 1862 at age 17 and within 15 years had earned a fortune in the town's paper mill and other industrial endeavors.

The death of Henry senior at the age of 82 occurred in 1862 and although his own son was not a business man of the same determination, the firm ’ s expansion continued adequately with John Mares, who had come to the financial assistance of the Shepherd Brewery during the recession of the mid-1840s and continued as the impetus behind Shepherd and Mares until Percy Beale Neame joined the Brewery in 1864.

* The age of the solar system, including Earth, was determined, and it turned to be much older than believed earlier: more than 4 billion years, rather than the 20 million years suggested by Lord Kelvin in 1862.

He died on May 6, 1862 at age 44.

Marie Recio, Berlioz's wife, died unexpectedly of a stroke at the age of 48, on 13 June 1862.

* 1862 – Lord Kelvin attempts to find the age of the Earth by examining its cooling time and estimates that the Earth is between 20 — 400 million years old

Sara Forbes Bonetta photographed by Camille Silvy in 1862 Sara Forbes Bonetta was a West African Egbado Omoba who was orphaned in inter-tribal warfare at the age of eight and subsequently captured by slave-raiders.

He was a chorister at York Minster from the age of seven, was educated at the Royal Academy of Music under Cipriani Potter and Charles Lucas, and was appointed in 1862 organist of St. Andrew's, Wells Street, London, where he raised the services to a high degree of excellence.

* Blandine ( 1835 – 1862 ), who was the first wife of future French prime minister Émile Ollivier but died at the age of 26

Honinbo Shusaku ( 本因坊秀策 Hon ′ inbō Shūsaku, born as Kuwabara Torajirō ( 桑原虎次郎 Kuwabara Torajirō ), June 6, 1829 – August 10, 1862 ) was a professional Go player and is considered by many to be the greatest player of the golden age of Go in the mid-19th century.

In 1862, William Thomson ( later Lord Kelvin ) published a paper ' On the age of the sun's heat ' in which, unaware of the process of solar fusion, he calculated the sun had been burning for less than a million years, and put the outside limit of the age of the earth at 200 million years.

In 1862, after being converted to an ironclad ram, she fought USS Monitor in the Battle of Hampton Roads, an event that came to symbolize the end of the dominance of large wooden sailing warships and the beginning of the age of iron and the ironclad warship.

* September 27, 1862, the Second Conscription Act: expanded the age range to 18 to 45, with implementation beginning on July 15, 1863

Therefore, Louise was selected to assume the role in her place, Alice was married to Prince Louis of Hesse in 1862, after which Helena assumed the role — described as the " crutch " of her mother's old age by one biographer — at her mother's side.

In 1862, Thomson published " On the age of the sun ’ s heat ", an article in which he reiterated his fundamental beliefs in the indestructibility of energy ( the first law ) and the universal dissipation of energy ( the second law ), leading to diffusion of heat, cessation of useful motion ( work ), and exhaustion of potential energy through the material universe while clarifying his view of the consequences for the universe as a whole.

Marstrand returned to portrait painting with even more seriousness in the late 1850s, depicting some of the key figures of the age, including Constantin Hansen ( 1852, 1862 ), Bernhard Severin Ingemann ( 1860 ), Grundtvig ( 1863 ), Høyen ( 1869 ), the architect Michael Gottlieb Bindesbøll, not forgetting his earlier portraiture of Købke in 1839.

He died in Paris at the age of ninety-five on 5 July 1862.

The age of sail runs roughly from the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the last significant engagement in which oar-propelled galleys played a major role, to the Battle of Hampton Roads in 1862, in which the steam-powered ironclad CSS Virginia destroyed the sailing ships USS Cumberland and USS Congress, culminating with the advance of steam power, rendering sail power in warfare obsolete.

Within a week of his arrival by way of China as a young student interpreter in the British Japan Consular Service, at age 19, the Namamugi Incident ( Namamugi Jiken ), in which a British merchant was killed on the Tōkaidō, took place on September 14, 1862.

The Reverened T Angus Morrison was born in Shotts, near Motherwell in 1862, died suddenly in 1941 at the age of 79 having served St Mary's for 51 years.

However, on December 6, 1862 Jackson died from stomach cancer at age 56 in a Little Rock rooming house.

About 1862, at the age of 16, he enlisted in the Army of the Confederate States of America and served as a private until the end of the American Civil War rather than accept a commission as an officer and be separated from his friend.

He arrived in Honolulu on November 13, 1854 and was subsequently ordained to the priesthood as a member of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary on May 31, 1862 at the age of 34.