In 1867 gas street lighting was implemented, the University of Adelaide was founded in 1874, the South Australian Art Gallery opened in 1881 and the Happy Valley Reservoir opened in 1896.

* 1881 – Spelman College is founded in Atlanta, Georgia as the Atlanta Baptist Female Seminary, an institute of higher education for African-American women.

The Federation of International Gymnastics ( FIG ) was founded in Liege in 1881.

He built the Savoy Theatre in 1881 to present their joint works ( which came to be known as the Savoy Operas ) and founded the D ' Oyly Carte Opera Company, which performed and promoted Gilbert and Sullivan's works for over a century.

The first hockey club, McGill University Hockey Club, was founded in 1877 followed by the Montreal Victorias, organized in 1881.

In 1881 Higaonna Kanryō returned from China after years of instruction with Ryu Ryu Ko and founded what would become Naha-te.

* 1881 – Michigan Millers Insurance Company founded.

* 1881 – Ettore Bugatti, Italian-French businessman, founded Bugatti ( d. 1947 )

In the 1950s Chilean military founded Puerto Williams to counter Ushuaia's monopoly as the only settlement in the Beagle Channel, a zone where Argentina disputed the 1881 borders.

" The periodical The Freethinker ( founded in 1881 by George Foote ) argued, like Paine, that the " absurdities of faith " could be " slain with laughter ".

The Oneida Community, founded by John Humphrey Noyes in Oneida, New York, was a utopian religious commune that lasted from 1848 to 1881.

The World's first open-air museum was founded in 1881.

The first local society was founded August 22, 1881 in Dansville, Livingston County, New York, where she maintained a country home.

The earliest emergency medical service was reportedly the rescue society founded by Jaromir V. Mundy, Count J. N. Wilczek, and Eduard Lamezan-Salins in Vienna after the disastrous fire at the Vienna Ring Theater in 1881.

The first business school in the United States, the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, was founded in 1881.

Anecdotically, top French business school HEC was also created in 1881, while Harvard Business School, founded in 1908, was born just one year after France's prestigious ESSEC Business School.

The university was founded on February 21, 1881 as Dakota Agriculture College.

The Thornton Institute was founded in 1877 by Edward Coke Chambers, and was chartered in 1881 as the Thornton Male and Female Institute.

From 1881 Erith was home to a large cable works founded by William Callender.

* Rock Spring Distillery, founded 1881

* J. T. Welch Distilling Company, founded Mar 1, 1881

It is where, in 1881, Booker T. Washington founded the Tuskegee Normal School for Colored Teachers on a former plantation.

Holbrook was founded in 1881 or 1882, when the railroad was built, and named to honor the first chief engineer of the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad.

1883San Antonio was founded ( in name only ) in 1881 by Edmund F. Dunne who previously had been chief justice of the Arizona territory.

The Village of St. Joseph was founded 28 April 1881 and is located in St. Joseph Township, Champaign County, Illinois, United States.

Among his other contributions to science were a series of papers in the Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Botanik ( 1844 – 1846 ); Die neueren Algensysteme ( 1847 ); Gattungen einzelliger Algen ( 1849 ); Pflanzenphysiologische Untersuchungen ( 1855 – 1858 ), with Carl Eduard Cramer ; Beiträge zur wissenschaftlichen Botanik ( 1858 – 1868 ); a number of papers contributed to the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences, forming three volumes of Botanische Mitteilungen ( 1861 – 1881 ); and, finally, his volume, Mechanisch-physiologische Theorie der Abstammungslehre, published in 1884.

Bruchmann in Bursian's Biographisches Jahrbuch ( 1881 ) and J. Schmidt in the above Zeitschrift, xxvi.

* 1881 Stippstörchen für Äuglein und Öhrchen

* Notices in Biographisches Jahrbuch für Alterthumskunde ( 1881 ), and Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, xlvi.

In 1861, he struck gold with Problematische Naturen ( 1860 – 1861 ; English translation “ Problematic Characters ,” by Prof. Schele de Vere, New York, 1869 ); it was followed a year later by a sequel, Durch Nacht zum Licht ( English translation, “ Through Night to Light ,” by Prof. Schele de Vere, New York, 1869 ), then by Die von Hohenstein ( 1863 ; English translation, “ The Hohensteins ,” by Prof. Schele de Vere, 1870 ), In Reih ' und Glied ( 1866 ), Hammer und Amboß ( 1869 ; English translation, “ Hammer and Anvil ,” by William Hand Browne, 1873 ), Deutsche Pioniere ( 1870 ), Allzeit voran ( 1872 ), Was die Schwalbe sang ( 1873 ; English translation, “ What the Swallow Sang ,” 1873 ), Ultimo ( 1874 ), Liebe für Liebe ( a drama, which has was produced in Leipzig ; 1875 ), Sturmflut ( based on the financial crises in Berlin following the Franco-Prussian War ; 1876 ), Plattland ( 1878 ), Quisisana ( 1880 ), Angela ( 1881 ), Uhlenhans ( 1884 ), Ein neuer Pharao ( 1889 ), Faustulus ( 1897 ) and Freigeboren ( 1900 ) among many others.

* M. Sdralek, Hinkmars von Rheims Kanonistisches Gutachten uber die Ehescheidung des Königs Lothar II ( Freiburg, 1881 )

* Untersuchungen über die Nukleine und ihre Spaltungsprodukte (" Investigations into the nucleins and their cleavage products ", 1881 )

( 1874 ); see also R Zimmermann, Henry More und die vierte Dimension des Raums ( Vienna, 1881 ); Henry More: Tercentenary Studies, ed.

* Gustav Zart, Einfluss der englischen Philosophen seit Bacon auf die deutsche Philosophie des 18ten Jahrhunderts ( Berlin, 1881 ).

time he wrote, among other books, Manifest an die deutsche Nation ( 1866 ), Geschichte unserer Zeit ( 1881 ), Unser System, Revolutionsnovellen,

* H. Schwarz, Landgraf Philipp von Hessen und die Packschen Handel ( Leipzig, 1881 );

Other philosophical works were: Ueber den Ursprung der Sitten ( 1860 and 1867 ), Ueber die Ideen in der Geschichte ( 1865 and 1872 ); Zur Lehre von den Sinnestiiuschungen ( 1867 ); Ideale Fragen ( 1875 and 1885 ), Erziehung und Geschichte ( 1881 ); Unser Standpunkt ( 1881 ); Ueber die Reize des Spiels ( 1883 ).

Among his shorter philosophical and historical writings may be mentioned: " Ueber den Ursprung der Sitten ," 1860 ; " Ueber die Ideen in der Geschichte ," 1861 ; " Zur Lehre von den Sinneserscheinungen ," 1867 ; " Ein Psychologischer Blick in Unsere Zeit ," 1872 ; " Ideale Fragen ," 1878 ; " Erziehung und Geschichte ," 1881 ; and " Ueber die Reize des Spiels ," 1883.

In addition to other treatises on theological subjects, Frohschammer was also the author of Monaden und Weltphantasie and Ueber die Bedeutung der Einbildungskraft in der Philosophie Kants und Spinozas ( 1879 ); Ueber die Principien der Aristotelischen Philosophie und die Bedeutung der Phantasie in der selben ( 1881 ); Die Philosophie als Idealwissenschaft und System ( 1884 ); Die Philosophie des Thomas von Aquino kritisch gewürdigt ( 1889 ); Ueber das Mysterium Magnum des Daseins ( 1891 ); System der Philosophie im Umriss, pt.

* Religion und Wissenschaft ( 1881 )

In recognition of his contribution to the creation of modern electrical science, an international convention signed in 1881 established the ampere as a standard unit of electrical measurement, along with the coulomb, volt, ohm, and watt, which are named, respectively, after Ampère ’ s contemporaries Charles-Augustin de Coulomb of France, Alessandro Volta of Italy, Georg Ohm of Germany, and James Watt of Scotland.

While he was heir-apparent — 1865 to 1881 — Alexander did not play a prominent part in public affairs, but allowed it to become known that he had ideas which did not coincide with the principles of the existing government.

In 1881 Alfonso refused to sanction a law by which the ministers were to remain in office for a fixed term of 18 months.

Berthe Morisot, Child among Staked Roses ( common mistranslation of Child among Hollyhocks ), 1881, Wallraf-Richartz Museum, Cologne It was Morisot who persuaded Manet to attempt plein air painting, which she had been practicing since having been introduced to it by Corot.

They contend that the Boers of the South African Republic ( ZAR ) and Orange Free State republics were recognized as a separate people or cultural group under international law by the Sand River Convention ( which created the South African Republic in 1852 ), the Bloemfontein Convention ( which created the Orange Free State Republic in 1854 ), the Pretoria Convention ( which re-established the independence of the South African Republic 1881 ), the London Convention ( which granted the full independence to the South African Republic in 1884 ) and the Vereeniging Peace Treaty, which formally ended the Second Anglo-Boer War on 31 May 1902.

In 1881, all of them moved to Poissy, which Monet hated.

In 1881, after the Civil War, Douglass published Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, which he revised in 1892.

A culmination of the Albanian National Awakening were the League of Prizren ( 1878 – 1881, with the backing of sultan Abdulhamid II ) and the League of Peja, but they were unsuccessful to an Albanian independence, which occurred only in 1912, through the Albanian Declaration of Independence.

Ludwig Minkus was celebrated for his harp cadenzas, most notably the Variation de la Reine du jour from his ballet La Nuit et le Jour ( 1881 ), the elaborate entr ' acte composed for Albert Zabel from his ballet Roxana ( 1878 ), and numerous passages found in his score for the ballet La Bayadère, which in some passages were used to represent a veena which was used on stage as a prop.

On 8 January 1817, the Grand Duke of Luxembourg, William I published a constitutional law governing the organization of a Militia, the main provisions of which were to remain in force until the Militia was abolished in 1881.

International Review ), which was published from October, 1881 to September, 1885.

" And cabaret, which gave birth to so many of the arts of modernism, may be said to have begun in France in 1881 with the opening of the Black Cat in Montmartre, the beginning of the ironic monologue, and the founding of the Society of Incoherent Arts.

His works, the greater part of which originally appeared in Crelle's Journal, were edited by Bernt Michael Holmboe and published in 1839 by the Norwegian government, and a more complete edition by Ludwig Sylow and Sophus Lie was published in 1881.

Attempts to reconcile Germany and Russia did not have lasting effect: the Three Emperors ' League was re-established in 1881, but quickly fell apart ( the end of the Russian-Austrian-Prussian solidarity which had existed in various forms since 1813 ).

Work on the canal, which began in 1881, was completed in 1914, making it no longer necessary for ships to sail the lengthy Cape Horn route around the southernmost tip of South America ( via the Drake Passage ) or to navigate the dangerous waters of the Strait of Magellan.

The peace treaty which ended the war was signed in Pretoria on 3 August 1881 at the Pretoria Convention.

The ZAR was established in 1852, and was independent from 1856 to 1877, then again from the end of the First Boer War in 1881, in which the Boers regained their independence from the British Empire, until 1900.

From 1881 until 1962, Stow was served by Stow-on-the-Wold railway station which was on the Great Western Railway's Banbury and Cheltenham Direct Railway.