While experimenting with the products of radioactive decay, in 1913 radiochemist Frederick Soddy discovered that there appeared to be more than one type of atom at each position on the periodic table.

* 1913: Discovery of isotopes of non-radioactive elements by Soddy and Thomson.

Critics have also argued that, as the Austrian business cycle theory points to the actions of fractional-reserve banks and central banks to explain the business cycles, it fails to explain the severity of business cycles before the establishment of the Federal Reserve in 1913.

He also collected in Moldavia, Wallachia and in 1913 in Algeria.

Other independent companies were grouped under the Mutual banner in 1912, and there were also important new entrants, particularly the Jesse Lasky Feature Play Company, and Famous Players, which were both formed in 1913 to take advantage of the fact that films could reproduce the real substance of a stage play ( plus embellishments ), and so the best plays and actors from the legitimate stage could be enticed into films.

The Gambler's fallacy, also known as the Monte Carlo fallacy ( because its most famous example happened in a Monte Carlo Casino in 1913 ), and also referred to as the fallacy of the maturity of chances, is the belief that if deviations from expected behaviour are observed in repeated independent trials of some random process, future deviations in the opposite direction are then more likely.

Seeking a more structured way to play war games, Wells also wrote Floor Games ( 1911 ) followed by Little Wars ( 1913 ).

Bloomfield was Instructor in German at the University of Cincinnati, 1909 – 1910 ; Instructor in German at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1910 – 1913 ; Assistant Professor of Comparative Philology and German, also University of Illinois, 1913 – 1921 ; Professor of German and Linguistics at the Ohio State University, 1921 – 1927 ; Professor of Germanic Philology at the University of Chicago, 1927 – 1940 ; Sterling Professor of Linguistics at Yale University, 1940-1949.

Also, subsequent experiments as the Sagnac effect ( 1913 ) also showed that is model is untenable.

In 1913 she also wrote two American Civil War stories, one of them annotated, " 237 pages are in this book ".

Romania had also recently acquired the Southern Dobruja territory called " The Quadrilateral " from Bulgaria as a result of its participation in the Second Balkan War in 1913.

It was also the permanent home to an exhibition of the life of Willy Brandt ( 1913 – 1992 ), Mayor of West Berlin from 1957 to 1966, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany 1969 – 1974.

It's also common to use this technique to simultaneously portray both participants in a telephone conversation, a long-standing convention which dates back to early silents, as in Lois Weber's triangular frames in her 1913 Suspense, and culminating in Pillow Talk, where Doris Day and Rock Hudson share a party line.

Petrushka ( 1911 ) and The Rite of Spring ( 1913 ) followed shortly afterwards, and the two also worked together on Pulcinella ( 1920 ) and Les noces ( 1923 ).

In 1913 he also became the first president to deliver the State of the Union address in person since 1801 when Thomas Jefferson discontinued this practice.

Sadleir's interest in Kandinsky also led to Kandinsky's first works entering a British art collection ; Sadleir's father, Michael Sadler, acquired several woodprints and the abstract painting Fragment for Composition VII in 1913 following a visit by father and son to meet Kandinsky in Munich that year.

Emil Hans Willi Hennig ( April 20, 1913 – November 5, 1976 ) was a German biologist who is considered the founder of phylogenetic systematics, also known as cladistics.

They were also involved in what came to be known as the Wheatland Hop Riot on August 3, 1913.

Jung and Freud personally met for the last time in September 1913 for the Fourth International Psychoanalytical Congress, also in Munich.

During these years Holst also became interested in Hindu mysticism and spirituality, and this interest led to the composition of several works set to translations of Sanskrit texts, including: Sita ( 1899 – 1906 ), a three-act opera based on an episode in the Ramayana ; Sāvitri ( 1908 ), a chamber opera based on a tale from the Mahabharata ; 4 groups of Hymns from the Rig Veda ( 1908 – 14 ); and two texts originally by Kalidasa: Two Eastern Pictures ( 1909 – 10 ) and The Cloud Messenger ( 1913 ).

* Pfohl, Ferdinand: 5 poems (" Moon-rondels, fantastic scenes from ' Pierrot Lunaire '") for voice and piano ( 1891 ); Marschalk, Max: 5 poems for voice and piano ( 1901 ); Vrieslander, Otto: 50 poems for voice and piano ( 46 in 1905, 4 more in 1911 ); Graener, Paul: 3 poems for voice and piano ( c. 1908 ); Marx, Joseph: 4 poems for voice and piano ( 1909 ; 1 of 4, " Valse de Chopin ", reset for voice, piano, and string quartet in 1917 ); Schoenberg, Arnold: 21 poems for speaking voice, piano, flute ( also piccolo ), clarinet ( also bass clarinet ), violin ( also viola ), and violoncello ( 1912 ); Kowalski, Max: 12 poems for voice and piano ( 1913 ); Prohaska, Carl: 6 poems for voice and piano ( 1920 ); Lothar, Mark: 1 poem for voice and piano ( 1921 ).

The introduction of cash crops such as cotton, and forcible measures to impel farmers to grow these crops, also impoverished the peasantry in many areas, such as northern Nigeria, contributing to greater vulnerability to famine when severe drought struck in 1913.

Henry Moseley's work showed experimentally in 1913 ( see Moseley's law ) that the effective nuclear charge was very close to the atomic number ( Moseley found only one unit difference ), and Moseley referenced only the papers of Van den Broek and Rutherford.

The film, produced in 1913, showed the play's Broadway actors reciting every line of dialogue, resulting in a stiff film that Pickford later called " one of the worst I ever made ... it was deadly.

In 1913, Niels Bohr showed that atoms could only emit discrete amounts of energy, thus explaining the discrete lines seen in emission and absorption spectra.

In 1913, however, the Saverne Affair showed the limits of this new tolerance of the Alsatian identity.

The episode of McCay's newspaper comic In the Land of Wonderful Dreams published in newspapers on the 21st of September 1913 showed the reader some of the creatures from the upcoming film: a " dinosaurus ", a sea serpent and a four-winged lizard.

The infamous Saverne Affair ( 1913 ), however, showed that this status was of no high value in the eyes of the Berlin government.

The results showed in the great wave of progressivism and reform cresting in the remarkable spate of legislation that marked the first administration of Woodrow Wilson from 1913 to 1917.

The Beilis Trial of 1913 showed that it was possible to revive the blood libel accusation in Russia.

He showed seven works at the landmark 1913 Armory Show that showed his stylistic maturity.

In 1913, for the first time, the journal showed a profit, which was sufficient to liquidate the previous deficit.

In 1913 the Delaunay's showed their works in the Salon des Indépendants and the Herbst Salon, the latter being the first Orphist Salon, which also hosted works by Picabia, Metzinger, Gleizes, Léger, and Futurist painters.

Cankar was also famous for his essays, most of which were published between 1907 and 1913, where he showed stylistic mastery and great irony.

From her father she learned landscape art but by 1913 her art showed influences of Japanese prints.

Shortly after, in 1913, Rutherford's postdoctoral student Niels Bohr proposed a new model of the atom, wherein electrons orbited the nucleus with classical periods, but were only permitted to have discrete values of angular momentum, quantized in units h / 2π.

In 1913 — the year of Edmund Husserl's Ideas, Niels Bohr's quantized atom, Ezra Pound's founding of imagism, the Armory Show in New York, and, in Saint Petersburg, the " first futurist opera ," Victory Over the Sun — another Russian composer Igor Stravinsky, working in Paris for Sergei Diaghilev and the Ballets Russes, composed The Rite of Spring for a ballet, choreographed by Vaslav Nijinsky, that depicted human sacrifice.

* 1913 Niels Bohr presents his quantum model of the atom

The theoretical explanation for energy levels was discovered in 1913 by Danish physicist Neils Bohr in the Bohr theory of the atom.

The principle was formulated by Niels Bohr in 1920, though he had previously made use of it as early as 1913 in developing his model of the atom.

In the Bohr model of the structure of an atom, put forward by Niels Bohr in 1913, electrons orbit a central nucleus.

Rydberg's anticipation that spectral studies could assist in a theoretical understanding of the atom and its chemical properties was justified in 1913 by the work of Niels Bohr ( see hydrogen spectrum ).

Ritz's pre-quantum 1908 explanation for the mechanism underlying the spectral series was that atomic electrons behaved like magnets and that the magnets could vibrate with respect to the atomic nucleus ( at least temporarily ) to produce electromagnetic radiation, but this theory was superseded in 1913 by Niels Bohr's model of the atom.

* 1913 – Niels Bohr: Model of the atom

Earnshaw's theorem explains why a system of electrons is not stable and was invoked by Niels Bohr in his atom model of 1913 when criticizing J. J. Thomson's atom.

A full explanation of why these formulas worked, however, had to wait until the presentation of the Bohr model of the atom by Niels Bohr in 1913.

1913 brought the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom which made use of the quantum to explain the atomic spectrum.

In physics, the Lamb shift, named after Willis Lamb ( 1913 – 2008 ), is a small difference in energy between two energy levels and ( in term symbol notation ) of the hydrogen atom in quantum electrodynamics ( QED ).

In 1913, Niels Bohr identified the correspondence principle and used it to formulate a model of the Hydrogen atom which explained the line spectrum.

This series was qualitatively explained in 1913 by Niels Bohr with his semiclassical model of the hydrogen atom in which quantized values of angular momentum lead to the observed discrete energy levels.

In 1913, he went back to France to study at the University of Paris and it was in this year that Niels Bohr submitted his first paper on the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom.

These results, through experiments in 1912 and 1913, were clarified and interpreted, by James Franck and Gustav Hertz, nephew of Heinrich Hertz ; for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom, Franck and Hertz were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1925.

Arthur Erich Haas ( April 30, 1884, Brno-February 20, 1941, Chicago ) was an Austrian physicist, noted for a 1910 paper he submitted in support of this habilitation as Privatdocent at the University of Vienna that outlined a treatment of the hydrogen atom involving quantization of electronic orbitals, thus anticipating the Bohr model ( 1913 ) by three years.

Following conversations in 1913 with Niels Bohr, a fellow worker in Ernest Rutherford's Cavendish laboratory, Moseley had become interested in the Bohr model of the atom, in which the spectra of light emitted by atoms is proportional to the square of Z, the charge on their nucleus ( which had just been discovered two years before ).

However, it was almost immediately noted ( in 1914 ) that his formula could be explained in terms of the newly postulated 1913 Bohr model of the atom ( see for details of derivation of this for hydrogen ), if certain reasonable extra assumptions about atomic structure in other elements were made.

He once told a friend to ‘ watch out for the next issue of Philosophical Magazine ; it is highly radioactive !’ Aside from his work on understanding radioactivity, Rutherford proposed the experiments of Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden that verified his nuclear model of the atom and led to Niels Bohr ’ s famous paper on planetary electrons, which was published in the journal in 1913.