Now, although the roots of the mystery story in serious literature go back as far as Balzac, Dickens, and Poe, it was not until the closing decades of the 19th century that the private detective became an established figure in popular fiction.

This Europeanization of the law was made explicit by a number of 19th century scholars.

The Civil War was a significant force in the eventual dominance of the singular usage by the end of the 19th century.

In the zoological sciences, some of his observations were confirmed to be accurate only in the 19th century.

His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, which was incorporated in the late 19th century into modern formal logic.

With the Prior Analytics, Aristotle is credited with the earliest study of formal logic, and his conception of it was the dominant form of Western logic until 19th century advances in mathematical logic.

The term was originally coined in the 19th century by the founding sociologist and philosopher of science, Auguste Comte, and has become a major topic for psychologists ( especially evolutionary psychology researchers ), evolutionary biologists, and ethologists.

From its beginnings in the early 19th century through the early 20th century, anthropology in the United States was influenced by the presence of Native American societies.

In Greece, there was since the 19th century a science of the folklore called laographia ( laography ), in the form of " a science of the interior ", although theoretically weak ; but the connotation of the field deeply changed after World War II, when a wave of Anglo-American anthropologists introduced a science " of the outside ".

The Apollo Belvedere is a marble sculpture that was rediscovered in the late 15th century ; for centuries it epitomized the ideals of Classical Antiquity for Europeans, from the Renaissance through the 19th century.

Early 19th century.

In the Middle Bronze Age an apparently " alphabetic " system known as the Proto-Sinaitic script is thought by some to have been developed in the Sinai peninsula during the 19th century BC, by Canaanite workers in the Egyptian turquoise mines.

From the 19th century it once again became more and more popular.

Yombe people | Yombe-sculpture, 19th century

Portugal has been present in Angola for 400 years, occupied the territory in the 19th and early 20th century, and ruled over it for about 50 years.

Distinctions in vocabulary persist, for example, in culinary terms, where communication with Germans is frequently difficult, and administrative and legal language, which is due to Austria's exclusion from the development of a German nation-state in the late 19th century and its manifold particular traditions.

Until the late 19th century, the axiom of choice was often used implicitly, although it had not yet been formally stated.

The Iron is a famous 19th century landmark in central Norrköping

The museum can be found in the 19th century building The Iron in the Motala ström river in central Norrköping.

With the beginning of the slow decline of the Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century, and as a result of the expansionist policies of Czarist Russia in the Caucasus, many Muslim nations and groups in that region, mainly Circassians, Tatars, Azeris, Lezgis, Chechens, and several Turkic groups left their ancestral homelands and settled in Anatolia.

Later in the 19th century, other missionaries adapted Evans ' system to other Canadian aboriginal languages.

Charles Dickens was a prominent English author of the 19th century.

Leo Tolstoy was a prominent Russian author of the 19th century.

The social reform movement of 19th century Maharashtra was a mixed result of indigenous traditions and Western education.

The period of the late 19th century in Maharashtra is the period of colonial modernity.

* Vilasrao Deshmukh, 17th and 19th Chief Minister of Maharashtra

Historians of the 19th and 20th centuries — Indian, English and American — agree that the reputation of Ahilyabai Holkar in Malwa and Maharashtra was then, and is, even now, that of a saint.

In the second half of the 19th century several European powers tried to get a foothold in Africa.

Foresters in India, often German, managed forests using early climate change theories that Alexander von Humboldt developed in the mid 19th century, applied fire protection, and tried to keep the " house-hold " of nature.

During the 19th century, Joseon tried to control foreign influence by closing the borders to all nations but China.

While the Silver Age is considered to be the development of the 19th century Russian literature tradition, some avant-garde poets tried to overturn it: Velimir Khlebnikov, David Burliuk, Aleksei Kruchenykh and Vladimir Mayakovsky.

During the late 19th century, the city tried to develop its court system and downtown infrastructure.

Furthermore, like Heine in the 19th century, he tried to help the French and the Germans understand one another.

During the rest of the 19th century, many people tried to repeat this feat, including Ada Anderson who developed it further and walked a half-mile ( 800 m ) each quarter-hour over the 1, 000 hours.

In the 19th century, cultural anthropology was dominated by an interest in cultural evolution ; most anthropologists assumed that there was a simple distinction between “ primitive ” and “ modern ” religion and tried to provide accounts of how the former evolved into the latter.

In an attempt to modernize the orthography, linguists tried to introduce the Å to Danish and Norwegian writing in the 19th century.

A variety of secondary sources, starting with Charles W. Upham in the 19th century, typically relate that a circle of the girls, with Tituba's help, tried their hands at fortune telling using the white of an egg and a mirror to create a primitive crystal ball to divine the professions of their future spouses and scared one another when one supposedly saw the shape of a coffin instead.

The Spanish dollar had already taken hold in the Straits Settlements by the time the British arrived in the 19th century, however, the East India Company tried to introduce the rupee in its place.

An early predecessor of the theory was Pehr Tham ( 1737 – 1820 ), who during the 19th century unsuccessfully tried to promote ideas such as the village Sätuna being the location of Old Sigtuna, and the ancient town of Birka being situated somewhere around Lake Hornborgasjön.

During the 19th century, as explorers of the Alps tried ever harder summits, it became clear that choosing an eastern face over a southwestern ridge could spell the difference between success or failure.

In the 19th century, the Ottoman sultans tried in vain to shore up their collapsing empire by introducing a series of reforms aimed at reining in recalcitrant local officials and dousing the fires of nationalism among its myriad peoples.

The 19th Arrondissement Network was a group of militant French Muslims who were tried and convicted of recruiting approximately a dozen Frenchmen to fight for insurgent forces in the Iraq War.

Because the stronghold status had slowed down the city's development for many years, the citizens tried to abolish the stronghold status in the 19th century ; the fortifications were only moved to the east in 1873, and finally taken down in 1902, which allowed the city to develop.

The sea peoples are documented during the late 19th dynasty and especially during year 8 of Ramesses III of the 20th Dynasty when they tried to enter or control the Egyptian territory.

The Finnish version of the name actually is an archaic form of department, and this name was adopted to replace the term " kansakunta " (" nation " in the purely ethnic sense ) during the 19th century when the Russian government tried to diminish the importance of nations as political organizations.

An alleged conflict thesis proposed in the 19th century between religion and science has been cited by some as representative of a struggle between tradition and substantial change and faith and reason .. A popular example used to support this thesis is when Galileo was tried before the Inquisition concerning the heliocentric model.

In the late 19th century several inventors tried to develop an effective alternative based on heating a material to a lower temperature but using the emission of discrete spectral lines to simulate white light.

The assumption that these were Slavs can be traced back to the 19th century to Pavel Josef Šafařík from Prague, who tried to establish a Slavic Origin history.

While many other different cartridge priming methods have been tried since the 19th century, only rimfire technology and centerfire technology survive today in significant use.

Another result of its centuries long warrior history, is the unwritten code of Chivalry that Marko Miljanov, one of the most famous warriors in his time, tried to describe in his book Primjeri Čojstva i Junaštva ( Examples of Humanity and Bravery ) at the end of 19th century.

It was a part of a larger policy of Russification pursued by late 19th – early 20th century Russian governments which tried to abolish cultural and administrative autonomy of non-Russian minorities within the empire.