The Ninth Circuit, analyzing the Supreme Court decision in Lawrence v. Texas ( 2003 ), determined that DADT had to be subjected to heightened scrutiny, meaning that there must be an " important " governmental interest at issue, that DADT must " significantly " further the governmental interest, and that there can be no less intrusive way for the government to advance that interest.

As he described in his article, in 2003, U. S. Senator Rick Santorum commented on a pending U. S. Supreme Court case involving sodomy laws ( primarily as a matter of Constitutional rights to Privacy and Equal Protection under the Law ).

* 2003 – The U. S. Supreme Court rules in Lawrence v. Texas that gender-based sodomy laws are unconstitutional.

It was not until October 2003 that New Zealand law was changed to abolish appeals to the Privy Council in respect of all cases heard by the Court of Appeal of New Zealand after the end of 2003, in favour of a Supreme Court of New Zealand.

During his military career, he served as Commander, United States European Command ( COMUSEUCOM ) and Supreme Allied Commander Europe ( SACEUR ) from 2003 to 2006 and as the 32nd Commandant of the Marine Corps from July 1999 to January 2003.

Buma / Stemra lost its appeal before the Dutch Supreme Court in December 2003.

The Supreme Court of Virginia said this in Santen v. Tuthill, 265 Va. 492 ( 2003 ), about the practice of an appeal from district court trial de novo to circuit court: " This Court has repeatedly held that the effect of an appeal to circuit court is to ' annul the judgment of the inferior tribunal as completely as if there had been no previous trial.

In 2003, two lawsuits involving U-M's affirmative action admissions policy reached the U. S. Supreme Court ( Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger ).

However, British imperial honours were discontinued in 1996, the Governor-General has taken a more active role in representing New Zealand overseas, and appeals from the Court of Appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council were replaced by a local Supreme Court of New Zealand in 2003.

After moving through lower courts, in September 2003, the U. S. Supreme Court heard oral arguments in the case, McConnell v. FEC.

On Wednesday, December 10, 2003, the Supreme Court issued a ruling that upheld the key provisions of McCain-Feingold ; the vote on the court was 5 to 4.

Oral argument was heard on October 9, 2002, and on January 15, 2003, the Supreme Court held the CTEA constitutional by a 7-2 decision.

Although sometimes mentioned in subsequent rulings, the clear and present danger test was never endorsed by the Supreme Court as a test to be used by lower courts when evaluating the constitutionality of legislation that regulated speech .< ref name = K60 > Killian, pp 1096, 1100 .</ br > Currie, David P., The Constitution in the Supreme Court: The Second Century, 1888-1986, Volume 2, University of Chicago Press, 1994, p 269, ISBN 9780226131122 .</ br > Konvitz, Milton Ridvad, Fundamental Liberties of a Free People: Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, Transaction Publishers, 2003, p 304, ISBN 9780765809544. Eastland, p 47 .</ ref >

* Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ( 2010 ) the Supreme Court of the United States held that corporate funding of independent political broadcasts in candidate elections cannot be limited under the First Amendment, overruling Austin ( 1990 ) and partly overruling McConnell ( 2003 ).

* Rebisse, Christian ( 2005 ) Rosicrucian History and Mysteries ( translation of Rebisse, Christian ( 2003 ) Rose-croix histoire et mysteres ) Supreme Grand Lodge of AMORC, San Jose, California, ISBN 1-893971-05-8

* Kim Possible: A Sitch in Time ( 2003 ), according to Ron Stoppable, Shego is the dictator of the world known as The Supreme One at this point (" 20 years from now ").

Pecorelli's assassination has been thought to be directly related to Giulio Andreotti, who was first condemned to 24 years of prison for homicide in 2002 and finally acquitted by the Supreme Court of Cassation in 2003.

However, the ruins were in 2003 when the Uganda Muslim Supreme Council ( UMSC ) started on reconstruction of a large mosque ( 15, 000-person capacity ) on land that included the fort.

* 1690 – Job Charnock of the East India Company establishes a factory in Calcutta, an event formerly considered the founding of the city ( in 2003 the Calcutta High Court ruled that the city has no birthday ).

* Danto, Arthur ( 2003 ), The Abuse of Beauty: Aesthetics and the Concept of Art, Open Court.

This terror and the crimes carried out during MLC's war against Bozizé's rebels between October 2002 and March 2003 is now being investigated by the International Criminal Court, which says it has identified 600 rape victims and the real numbers are expected to be higher.

Arias thus remained barred from a second term as president ; however, in April 2003 – by which time two of the four judges who had voted against the change in 2000 had been replaced – the Court reconsidered the issue and, with the only dissenters being the two anti-reelection judges remaining from 2000, declared the 1969 amendment null and thus opened the way to reelection for former presidents – which in practice meant Arias.

In Northern Ireland the Criminal Justice Act 2003, effective 18 April 2005, makes certain " qualifying offence " ( including murder, rape, kidnapping, specified sexual acts with young children, specified drug offences, defined acts of terrorism, as well as in certain cases attempts or conspiracies to commit the foregoing ) subject to retrial after acquittal ( including acquittals obtained before passage of the Act ) if there is a finding by the Court of Appeals that there is " new and compelling evidence.

On March 7, 2003, the war tribunal Special Court for Sierra Leone ( SCSL ) decided to summon Charles Taylor and charge him with war crimes and crimes against humanity, but they kept this decision and this charge secret until June that year.

* 2003 – The International Criminal Court holds its inaugural session in The Hague.

Court, CEO of Martial Arts Channel, stated the total revenue of the US martial arts industry at USD 40 billion and the number of US practitioners at 30 million in 2003.

*** Wilshire Court Productions ( shut down in 2003 )

In March 2003 the Special Court for Sierra Leone issued its first indictments.

On 5 May 2003 Bockarie was killed in Liberia, allegedly on orders from President Charles Taylor, who feared Bockarie ’ s testimony before the Special Court.

In 2003, Staind unsuccessfully sued their logo designer Jon Stainbrook in New York Federal Court for attempting to re-use the logo he had sold to the band.

In November 2003 Staind attempted to sue Ohio musician Jon Stainbrook in New York Federal Court over his 1980 trademark of " The Stain ".

In United States v. Williams, 553 U. S. 285 ( 2008 ), the Court upheld the PROTECT Act of 2003, ruling that prohibiting offers to provide and requests to obtain child pornography did not violate the First Amendment, even if a person charged under the Act did not possess child pornography.

On April 2002 The Commission released its decision ( with a clarification in 2003 ).

Further to the north, Saint-Barthélemy and the northern French part of Saint Martin once came under the jurisdiction of Guadeloupe but on 7 December 2003, both of these areas voted to become an overseas territorial collectivity, a decision which took effect on 22 February 2007.

A 2003 decision by an American court found IJO was the name used by Hezbollah for its attacks in Lebanon, and parts of the Middle East, and Europe.

In June, 2006, the United Nations ended its embargo on Liberian timber ( effective since May 2003 ), but continued its diamond embargo ( effective since March 2001 ) until an effective certificate of origin program was established, a decision that was reaffirmed in October 2006.

Leszek Miller ’ s government, together with President Kwaśniewski, made a decision ( March 2003 ) to join the international coalition and deploy Polish troops to Iraq, targeting at overthrowing Saddam Hussein ’ s government.

In R v G & R 2003, the House of Lords overruled its decision in Caldwell 1981, which had allowed the Lords to establish mens rea (" guilty mind ") by measuring a defendant's conduct against that of a " reasonable person ," regardless of the defendant's actual state of mind.

In 2003, a series of phone calls between band members resulted in some low-key rehearsals, and soon to a decision to reunite.

His support from Arab leaders tended to increase whenever he was pressured by Israel ; for example, when Israel declared in 2003 it had made the decision, in principle, to remove him from the Israeli-controlled West Bank.

Seven states still have anti-cohabitation laws on the books, but they are almost never enforced and are now believed to be unconstitutional since the legal decision Lawrence v. Texas in 2003.

On January 15, 2003, the Court held the CTEA constitutional by a 7 – 2 decision.

( 2003 ) " Dynamical evolutionary psychology: Individual decision rules and emergent social norms ," Psychological Review 110: 3 – 28.

Abbott's decision in 2003 to send her son to the private City of London School, which she herself described as " indefensible " and " intellectually incoherent ", caused controversy and criticism.

He fought Rahman on December 13, 2003, and with a unanimous decision victory became the WBA's interim champion.

Permission to forcibly medicate Wanda Barzee was also sought, relying upon the U. S. Supreme Court's decision in Sell v. United States ( 2003 ), which permits compulsory medication when the state can demonstrate a compelling interest is served by restoring a person's competence and that medication would not harm the person or prevent him from defending himself.

In 2003, the revised Danish university law removed faculty, staff and students from the university decision process, creating a top-down control structure that has been described as absolute monarchy, since leaders are granted extensive powers while being appointed exclusively by higher levels in the organization.

His decision did not halt the production of the James H. Clark Center which opened in 2003.

This decision received a lot of protest since Dino was sentenced in 2003 to eight year imprisonment for arms and drug trafficking.

Circuit Court of Appeals, which upheld the decision, ( along with a related case in March 2003 — see Al-Odah v. United States ).

The decision in Romer set the stage for Lawrence v. Texas ( 2003 ), where the Court overruled its decision in Bowers.