This was due both to the steady increase in computational power resulting from Moore's Law and the gradual lessening of the dominance of Chomskyan theories of linguistics ( e. g. transformational grammar ), whose theoretical underpinnings discouraged the sort of corpus linguistics that underlies the machine-learning approach to language processing.

This is due to a 20th-century development triggered by Ferdinand de Saussure's insistence on the importance of synchronic analysis, and the later emergence of structuralism and Chomskyan linguistics with its emphasis on syntax.

Among the many generative theories of linguistics, the Chomskyan theories are:

In Chomskyan linguistics there was no mechanism for the learning of semantic relations, and the nativist view considered all semantic notions as inborn.

In linguistics, a transformational grammar or transformational-generative grammar ( TGG ) is a generative grammar, especially of a natural language, that has been developed in the Chomskyan tradition of phrase structure grammars ( as opposed to dependency grammars ).

* JohnQPublik's Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics is an overview of the field, comparing it to traditional Chomskyan linguistics.

The Fodor & Katz volume is a collection of papers around early Chomskyan linguistics, phonology, grammar, semantics.

There is a tendency for inter-paradigm critiques to focus on a number of assumptions that are commonly associated with P & P, but which actually are common to Chomskyan generative linguistics as a whole.

But he rapidly turned into a fierce critic of Chomskyan linguistics.

Another long-standing critic of Chomskyan linguistics, the British linguist Geoffrey Sampson, maintains that Chomsky's linguistics is intuition-based and non-empirical, and that it largely owes its good fortune of becoming the dominant theoretical paradigm in the following years to the charisma of Chomsky's intellect.

A number of ideas from later work in generative semantics have been incorporated into cognitive linguistics, Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar ( HPSG ), Construction Grammar, and into mainstream Chomskyan linguistics.

The distinction between lexical and functional categories plays a big role in Chomskyan grammars ( Transformational Grammar, Government and Binding Theory, Minimalist Program ), where the role of the functional categories is large.

According to Middleton ( 1990 ), Schenkerian analysis of music corresponds to the Chomskyan notion of deep structure, applying to a two-level generative structure for melody, harmony, and rhythm, of which the analysis by Lee ( 1985 ) of rhythmical structure is an instance.

From a Chomskyan perspective, this is a truism because the two objects of study are fundamentally different.

C-command is closely associated with the phrase structure grammars (= constituency grammars ) of the Chomskyan tradition ( Government and Binding, Minimalist Program ).

This " configurational " understanding of the grammatical relations is associated with Chomskyan phrase structure grammars ( Transformational grammar, Government and Binding and Minimalism ).

Constructionists are theorists who do not believe Chomskyan arguments and believe language is learned through some kind of functional distributional analysis ( Tomasello 1992 ).

The Chomskyan school also holds the belief that linguistic structures are largely innate and that what are perceived as differences between specific languages – the knowledge acquired by learning a language – are merely surface phenomena and do not affect cognitive processes that are universal to all human beings.

Because of its emphasis on usage, communicative function, and the social context of language, functional grammar differs significantly from other linguistic theories which stress purely formal approaches to grammar, notably Chomskyan generative grammar.

The LFG conception of language differs from Chomskyan theories, which have always involved separate levels of constituent structure representation being mapped onto each other sequentially, via transformations.

In particular, the idea that the meaning of a sentence was determined by its Deep Structure ( taken to its logical conclusions by the generative semanticists during the same period ) was dropped for good by Chomskyan linguists when LF took over this role ( previously, Chomsky and Ray Jackendoff had begun to argue that meaning was determined by both Deep and Surface Structure ).

The Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, who defined the modern discipline of linguistics, first explicitly formulated the distinction, using the French word langage for language as a concept, and langue as a specific instance of a language system, and parôle for the concrete usage of speech in a particular language.

The word " number " is also used in linguistics to describe the distinction between certain grammatical aspects that indicate the number of times an event occurs, such as the semelfactive aspect, the iterative aspect, etc.

A distinction is normally made in current linguistics between proper nouns and proper names.

Current linguistics makes a distinction between proper nouns and proper names ; but this distinction is not universally observed, and sometimes it is observed but not rigorously.

Noam Chomsky, teaching linguistics to students of information theory at MIT, combined linguistics and mathematics, by taking what is essentially Thue's formalism as the basis for the description of the syntax of natural language ; he also introduced a clear distinction between generative rules ( those of context-free grammars ) and transformation rules ( 1956 ).

Ferdinand de Saussure's distinction between synchronic and diachronic linguistics is fundamental to the present day organization of the discipline.

The term " ge ( ne ) rative linguistics " is often applied to the earliest version of Chomsky's transformational grammar, which was associated with a distinction between the " deep structure " and " surface structure " of sentences.

Especially in Finland the distinction of Meänkieli as a separate language is seen as language politics not based in linguistics ( see Kven language for a similar situation in Norway ).

* Lexical aspect, in linguistics, a distinction among different kinds of verb according to their relation to time

Unlike more general concepts of autology and self-reference, this particular distinction and opposition of " autological " and " heterological words " is uncommon in linguistics for describing linguistic phenomena or classes of words, but is current in logic and philosophy where it was introduced by Kurt Grelling and Leonard Nelson for describing a semantic paradox, later known as Grelling's paradox or the Grelling-Nelson paradox .< ref > Grelling and Nelson used the following definition when first publishing their paradox in 1908: " Let < big > φ </ big >( M ) be the word that denotes the concept defining M. This word is either an element of M or not.

* Volition ( linguistics ), a distinction to express whether the subject intended the action or not

In theoretical linguistics, a distinction is made between endocentric and exocentric constructions.

But it is worth pondering that very little has been published on any phase of field techniques in linguistics.

The joint investigations of linguistics and psychiatry have established, in point of fact, that no matter what the subject of conversation is or what words are involved, it is impossible for people to talk at all without telling over and over again what sort of people they are and how they relate to the rest of the world.

In the United States, anthropology is traditionally divided into five sub-fields, each with additional branches: biological or physical anthropology, social anthropology or cultural anthropology, archaeology and anthropological linguistics.

In linguistics, an allomorph is a variant form of a morpheme.

In linguistics, ablative case ( abbreviated ) is a cases ( noun inflections ) in various languages whose common characteristic is that inter alia they mark motion away from something, though the details in each language may differ.

Abstraction is frequently applied in linguistics so as to allow phenomena of language to be analyzed at the desired level of detail.

When murmur is included under the term aspiration, as is common in Indo-Aryan linguistics, " voiceless aspiration " is called just that to avoid ambiguity.

This debate is analogous to that surrounding the Sapir – Whorf hypothesis in linguistics and cognitive science, which postulates that a particular spoken language's nature influences the habitual thought of its speakers.

Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field dealing with the statistical or rule-based modeling of natural language from a computational perspective.

Computational linguistics as a field predates artificial intelligence, a field under which it is often grouped.

Nowadays research within the scope of computational linguistics is done at computational linguistics departments, computational linguistics laboratories, computer science departments, and linguistics departments .< ref >

Cognitive science is an interdisciplinary field with contributors from various fields, including psychology, neuroscience, linguistics, philosophy of mind, computer science, anthropology, sociology, and biology.

The study of language processing in cognitive science is closely tied to the field of linguistics.

In linguistics, a copula ( plural: copulas or copulae ) is a word used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate ( a subject complement ).

In linguistics, a collective noun is the name of a number ( or collection ) of people or things taken together and spoken of as one whole.

In linguistics, the comparative method is a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or more languages with common descent from a shared ancestor, as opposed to the method of internal reconstruction, which analyzes the internal development of a single language over time.

In linguistics, creaky voice ( sometimes called laryngealisation, pulse phonation, vocal fry, or glottal fry ), is a special kind of phonation in which the arytenoid cartilages in the larynx are drawn together ; as a result, the vocal folds are compressed rather tightly, becoming relatively slack and compact.

Westermann is seen as one of the founders of modern African linguistics.