In metaphysics, Aristotelianism had a profound influence on philosophical and theological thinking in the Islamic and Jewish traditions in the Middle Ages, and it continues to influence Christian theology, especially the scholastic tradition of the Catholic Church.

Jewish and Christian music were originally a cappella, and this tradition has existed continuously in both of these religions as well as in Islam.

The first references in the western historical tradition begin at Syracuse in 399 BC and these devices were widely employed by the Roman Legions in Republican times well before the Christian era.

It is widely used by a number of Christian denominations for both liturgical and catechetical purposes, most visibly by liturgical Churches of Western tradition, including the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church, Lutheranism, Anglicanism, and Western Orthodoxy.

In Niue, certain activities remain forbidden on Sunday, reflecting the country's history of observing Christian Sabbath tradition.

There is a third view that sees merit in both arguments above and attempts to bridge them, and so cannot be articulated as starkly as they can ; it sees more than one Christianity and more than one attitude towards paganism at work in the poem, separated from each other by hundreds of years ; it sees the poem as originally the product of a literate Christian author with one foot in the pagan world and one in the Christian, himself a convert perhaps or one whose forbears had been pagan, a poet who was conversant in both oral and literary milieus and was capable of a masterful " repurposing " of poetry from the oral tradition ; this early Christian poet saw virtue manifest in a willingness to sacrifice oneself in a devotion to justice and in an attempt to aid and protect those in need of help and greater safety ; good pagan men had trodden that noble path and so this poet presents pagan culture with equanimity and respect ; yet overlaid upon this early Christian poet's composition are verses from a much later reformist " fire-and-brimstone " Christian poet who vilifies pagan practice as dark and sinful and who adds satanic aspects to its monsters.

M. H. Abrams and Stephen Greenblatt assert in their introduction to Beowulf in the Norton Anthology of English Literature that, " The poet was reviving the heroic language, style, and pagan world of ancient Germanic oral poetry it is now widely believed that Beowulf is the work of a single poet who was a Christian and that his poem reflects well-established Christian tradition.

Baptism ( from the Greek noun Βάπτισμα baptisma ; itself derived from baptismos, washing ) is a Christian rite of admission ( or adoption ), almost invariably with the use of water, into the Christian Church generally and also a particular church tradition.

Benjamin () was the last-born of Jacob's twelve sons, and the second and last son of Rachel in Jewish, Christian and Islamic tradition.

The combined book Ezra-Nehemiah of the earliest Christian and Jewish period was known as Ezra and was probably attributed to him ; according to a rabbinic tradition, however, Nehemiah was the real author but was forbidden to claim authorship because of his bad habit of disparaging others.

Jewish and Christian tradition held that the entire book is by the 8th century BCE prophet Isaiah, but scholars have concluded since the late 19th century that it cannot be by a single author.

The full title in Hebrew is named after a young woman of Moab, the great-grandmother of David and, according to the Christian tradition, an ancestress of Jesus :, Megillat Ruth, or " the scroll of Ruth ", which places the book as one of the Five Megillot.

Although the date, place, and circumstances of his death are historically unverifiable, Christian tradition holds that Barnabas was martyred at Salamis, Cyprus, in 61 AD.

It is widely used by a number of Christian denominations for both liturgical and catechetical purposes, most visibly by liturgical Churches of Western Christian tradition, including the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church, Lutheranism, Anglicanism, and Western Orthodoxy.

Calvinism ( also called Reformed tradition, or the Reformed faith, and sometimes Reformed theology ) is a type of Protestant theological system and an alternative approach to the Christian life.

In early Christian Ireland the druidic tradition collapsed due to the spread of the new Christian faith.

The Apostles ' Creed is widely used by most Christian denominations for both liturgical and catechetical purposes, most visibly by liturgical Churches of Western tradition, including the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church, Lutheranism, the Anglican Communion, and Western Orthodoxy.

This conversion is contested by the Christian writers Jerome and Eusebius, who state that Ammonius remained a Christian throughout his lifetime:

His education showed through his knowledge, in his writings, of Christian writers of his day, including Eusebius, Origen, Didymus the Blind, and writers of the Church of Alexandria.

Eusebius claims, in his Life of Constantine, that the site of the Church had originally been a Christian place of veneration, but that Hadrian had deliberately covered these Christian sites with earth, and built his own temple on top, due to his hatred for Christianity.

* Eusebius of Alexandria ( 6th century ), Christian author

* Eusebius of Caesarea ( c. 263 – c. 339 ), early Christian bishop and historian.

* Jerome ( 340 – 420 ), Christian scholar and church father, whose full name was Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

In his reply Eusebius not only regretted the whole controversy, but also stated that he would abide by the words of the Bible, according to which the bread and wine after the consecration become the body and blood of the Lord ( see transubstantiation ); if one asks how this can take place, the answer must be that it is not according to the order of nature but in accordance with the divine omnipotence ; at any rate one must be careful not to give offense to the plain Christian.

Eusebius ( c. AD 263 – 339 ) ( also called Eusebius of Caesarea and Eusebius Pamphili ) was a Roman historian, exegete and Christian polemicist.

Eusebius was probably born into the Christian contingent of the city.

The information used to create the late-fourth-century Easter Letter, which declared accepted Christian writings, was probably based on the Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius of Caesarea, wherein he uses the information passed on to him by Origen to create both his list at HE 3: 25 and Origen ’ s list at HE 6: 25.

In the 290s, Eusebius began work on his magnum opus, the Ecclesiastical History, a narrative history of the Church and Christian community from the Apostolic Age to Eusebius ' own time.

In his Church History or Ecclesiastical History, Eusebius wrote the first surviving history of the Christian Church as a chronologically-ordered account, based on earlier sources complete from the period of the Apostles to his own epoch.

In the 5th century, the Christian historian Socrates Scholasticus described Eusebius as writing for “ rhetorical finish ” and for the “ praises of the Emperor ” rather than the “ accurate statement of facts .” The methods of Eusebius were criticised by Edward Gibbon in the 18th century.

In the 19th century Jacob Burckhardt viewed Eusebius as ' a liar ', the “ first thoroughly dishonest historian of antiquity .” Ramsay MacMullen in the 20th century regarded Eusebius's work as representative of early Christian historical accounts in which “ Hostile writings and discarded views were not recopied or passed on, or they were actively suppressed ..., matters discreditable to the faith were to be consigned to silence .” As a consequence this kind of methodology in MacMullens view has distorted modern attempts, ( e. g. Harnack, Nock, and Brady ), to describe how the Church grew in the early centuries.

* Other critics of Eusebius ' work cite the panegyrical tone of the Vita, plus the omission of internal Christian conflicts in the Canones, as reasons to interpret his writing with caution.

* Averil Cameron ( professor at King's College and Oxford ) and Stuart Hall ( historian and theologian ), in their recent translation of the Life of Constantine, point out that writers such as Burckhardt found it necessary to attack Eusebius in order to undermine the ideological legitimacy of the Habsburg empire, which based itself on the idea of Christian empire derived from Constantine, and that the most controversial letter in the Life has since been found among the papyri of Egypt.

The earliest secure reference to this passage is found in the writings of the fourth-century Christian apologist and historian Eusebius, who used Josephus ' works extensively as a source for his own Historia Ecclesiastica.

However, John Painter states that placing the blame for the siege of Jerusalem on the death of James is perhaps an early Christian invention that predates both Origen and Eusebius and that it likely existed in the traditions to which they were both exposed.

A different set of external arguments against the authenticity of the Testimonium ( either partial or total ) are " arguments from silence ", e. g. that although twelve Christian authors refer to Josephus before Eusebius in 324 AD, none mentions the Testimonium.

Secondly, a whole series of addresses and actions by the Pope and by others show that concern for Christian unity is still very much alive and growing within the Church.

To others whose concern it is to penetrate the significance of Christian Humanism, the Renaissance elements are of primary concern.

It is also sufficient to show the Christian and any other champion of justice that he needs to make sure not only that his cause is just but also that his conduct is just, i.e., that, if economic pressure has to be resorted to, this be applied directly against those persons directly in the way of some salutary change in business or institutional practices, while, if injury fall upon others, it fall upon them indirectly and secondarily ( however inevitably ) and not by deliberate intent and direct action against them.

Among Christian groups, the Mennonites have commonly been aware more than others of the fact that the nature of divine charity raises decisively the question of the Christian use of all forms of pressure.

They act in ways enjoined in both Jewish and Christian precepts, that promote the well-being of others.

Many members believe that the parents involved received poor guidance from church leaders, while others contend that the process of healing through Christian Science was not done correctly.

While members of the Christian Science church claim their religion is based in, reconcilable with, and part of Christianity ( being based on the teachings of Jesus ), there are orthodox Christian theologians and others who disagree.

FBI records show that 85 % of COINTELPRO resources targeted groups and individuals that the FBI deemed " subversive ," including communist and socialist organizations ; organizations and individuals associated with the civil rights movement, including Martin Luther King, Jr. and others associated with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the Congress of Racial Equality and other civil rights organizations ; black nationalist groups ; the American Indian Movement ; a broad range of organizations labeled " New Left ", including Students for a Democratic Society and the Weathermen ; almost all groups protesting the Vietnam War, as well as individual student demonstrators with no group affiliation ; the National Lawyers Guild ; organizations and individuals associated with the women's rights movement ; nationalist groups such as those seeking independence for Puerto Rico, United Ireland, and Cuban exile movements including Orlando Bosch's Cuban Power and the Cuban Nationalist Movement ; and additional notable Americans — even Albert Einstein, who was a member of several civil rights groups, came under FBI surveillance during the years just prior to COINTELPRO's official inauguration .< ref >

Exodus International and others take the view that I Corinthians 6: 9 – 11 offers Christian believers " freedom from homosexuality.

The interdenominational Gay Christian Network has some members who affirm same-sex relationships and others who commit themselves to celibacy, groups it refers to as " Side A " and " Side B ", respectively.

* This article only considers the mainstream Christian views, in contrast to, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Adventism, Early Christianity, Nontrinitarianism and others.

Some Christian denominations hold that salvation depends upon transformational faith in Jesus, which expresses itself in good works as a testament ( or witness ) to ones faith for others to see ( primarily Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Roman Catholicism ), while others ( including most Protestants ) hold that faith alone is necessary for salvation.

Some Protestant Christian denominations prohibit the drinking of alcohol based upon Biblical passages which condemn drunkenness ( such as Proverbs 23: 21, Isaiah 28: 1, Habakkuk 2: 15 ), but others allow moderate use of alcohol.

Deicide has received considerable controversy relating to their albums and lyrics, which include vehement anti-Christian themes, such as " Death to Jesus ", " Fuck Your God ", " Kill the Christian ", " Behead The Prophet " and " Scars of the Crucifix ", among others.

Hans Christian Ørsted's discovery of the magnetic effect of electrical currents in 1820 was immediately recognized as an epoch-making advance, although he left further work on electromagnetism to others.

Various suggestions have been given: Onesimus being imprisoned with Paul ; Onesimus being brought to Paul by others ; Onesimus coming to Paul by chance ( or in the Christian view, by divine providence ); or Onesimus deliberately seeking Paul out, as a friend of his master's, in order to be reconciled.

In this passage Jesus says that an offended Christian should draw the offender's fault to his attention at first privately ; then, if the offender refuses to listen, to bring one or two others, that there may be more than a single witness to the charge ; next, if the offender still refuses to listen, to bring the matter before the church, and if the offender refuses to listen to the church, to treat him as " a Gentile and a tax collector ".

If in spite of all his advice someone persisted in making idols, he would have them punished by the Patingatis ( Parava headsman ) by exile .... One day when he heard that idols had been worshipped in the house of a Christian, he ordered the hut to be burnt down as a warning to others.

" This passage, and a few others ( such as Matthew 27: 52 and Luke 23: 43 ), are the basis of the Christian belief in the descent of Christ into hell, or the harrowing of hell.

Some Christian theologians, some fundamentalists, and others pejoratively refer to any philosophy which they see as literal-minded or they believe carries a pretense of being the sole source of objective truth as fundamentalist, regardless of whether it is usually called a religion.

While most Protestants agree that baptism in the Holy Spirit is integral to being a Christian, others believe that it is not separable from conversion and no longer marked by glossolalia.