According to John Koch, Cunliffe, Karl, Wodtko and other scholars, Celtic culture may have developed first in far Southern Portugal and Southwestern Spain, approximately 500 years prior to anything recorded in Central Europe.

Some historians date modern conceptions of romantic love to courtly Europe during or after the Middle Ages, although the prior existence of romantic attachments is attested by ancient love poetry.

It was the largest battle in Europe prior to World War I and ended Napoleon's presence in Germany and would ultimately lead to his first exile on Elba.

Indeed, prior to the reintroduction of Ptolemy's Geography to Europe around 1400, there was no single convention in the West.

Since Herodotus says elsewhere that Phrygians anciently lived in Europe where they were known as Bryges, the existence of the garden implies that Herodotus believed Midas lived prior to a Phrygian migration to Anatolia.

A major, underlying theme is an impending invasion of Europe by Muslim forces from further east and south headed by the expected Antichrist, directly reflecting the then-current Ottoman invasions and the earlier Saracen equivalents, as well as the prior expectations of the Mirabilis Liber.

In the 11th century, Avicenna theorized that there were a number of feeling senses including touch, pain and titillation, but prior to the scientific Renaissance in Europe pain was not well-understood, and it was thought that pain originated outside the body, perhaps as a punishment from God .< ref name = Meldrum > Meldrum, Marcia.

Sugar was a luxury in Europe prior to the 18th century when it became more widely available.

It was also reported that in 2007, U. S. intelligence suspected that Osama bin Laden planned to meet with top Al Qaeda and Taliban commanders at Tora Bora prior to the launch of a possible attack in Europe or even the United States.

A common property of vodkas produced in the United States and Europe is the extensive use of filtration prior to any additional processing including the addition of flavorants.

The Yule log has frequently been associated with having its origins in the historical Germanic paganism which was practiced across northern Europe prior to Christianization.

Because there are no accounts of the custom in Great Britain prior to the 17th century, some historians and folklorists have theorised that it was not an ancient British custom but was in fact imported into Britain from continental Europe in the early modern period, possibly from Flanders in Belgium, where the tradition thrived in this period.

Largely as a reaction to the radicalism of the French Revolution, the victorious powers of the Napoleonic Wars resolved to suppress liberalism and nationalism, and revert largely to the status quo of Europe prior to 1789.

Unlike the period prior to the war, immigration was now directed at Europe and more specifically to the United Kingdom and Ireland, not from the United States, which was the largest source of immigration before the war.

The Battle of Leipzig involved over 600, 000 soldiers, making it the largest battle in Europe prior to World War I.

The city owes much of its unique history to its position along the main communication route between Italy and Northern Europe and to the Adige river which prior to its diversion in the mid-19th century ran through the center of the city.

There is evidence that enslaved people from some African states were exported to other states in Africa, Europe and Asia prior to the European colonization of the Americas.

In the years following Dumont ’ s challenge for the presidency, and prior to the formal confirmation of les Verts as political party, environmentalists contested elections under such banners as Ecology 78, Ecology Europe and Ecology Today.

The Renaissance had then overtaken Europe, overturning a system of culture that, prior to the advent of printing, was almost entirely focused on the Church and was perceived, in retrospect, as a period of ignorance and superstition.

However, the avaricious ambitions which had been aroused across north-western Europe by Edward the Confessor's lack of an heir prior to 1057, and by the king's failure thereafter to prepare the way for Edgar to succeed him, removed any prospect of a peaceful hereditary succession.

The average annual inflow of immigrants prior to 1921 was 175, 983 from Northern and Western Europe, and 685, 531 from other countries, principally Southern and Eastern Europe.

In Europe and America, prior to the discovery of insulin in 1923, diabetics-as well as consumptives-were often given a substance called Atlantic starch or diabetic sugar, derived from inulin, a naturally occurring form of fruit sugar, extracted from dahlia tubers.

David Anthony has disputed Gimbutas's assertion that there was a widespread matriarchal society prior to the Kurgan incursion, noting that Europe had hillforts and weapons, and presumably warfare, long before the Kurgan.

The guides of most historical and cultural interest span the period prior to World War II ; describing Europe, the United States, Egypt, Canada, India and Russia in the context of the day.

* 2012 – The European Space Agency ( ESA ) conducted the first launch of the European Vega rocket from Europe ’ s spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana.

In December 2001, the company became the first telecommunications operator in Europe to launch a live 3G network.

The elbow and knee techniques allowed in Japanese kickboxing by contrast were associated with Muay Thai, and Japanese kickboxing went mostly unnoticed in German-speaking Europe before the launch of K-1 in 1993.

In September 2009 Moldova became the first country in the world to launch high-definition voice services ( HD voice ) for mobile phones, and the first country in Europe to launch 14. 4 Mbit / s mobile broadband at a national scale, with over 40 % population coverage.

One of the last games released for the 32X in North America was Spider-Man: Web of Fire ( 1996 ), and one of the last ever was Darxide, released only in Europe, which had been intended by Frontier Developments to be a launch title for the ill-fated Neptune.

After the initial nuclear exchange in Europe, the United States enacts its " launch on warning " policy which will launch a full-scale nuclear attack on the Soviet Union if and when the United States receives indication that the Soviet Union is preparing to do the same.

It was first released in Japan on March 21, 2001 and in Europe and Australia on June 22, 2001 as a launch title.

Britain was lukewarm to the idea, because it did not believe Europe could launch satellites economically.

Otto was commonly known in the US as " Otto of Austria ", also tried to launch some actions to keep Austria and its neighbouring countries in mind of the US people via starting a series of stamps containing the nazi-occupied nations of Europe and much more.

Super Mario Land marked Mario's first appearance on the Game Boy and was a launch title for the Game Boy in Japan, North America and Europe.

Crucially, despite Austrian attempts to trumpet their victory against Napoleon, its political consequences remained limited: there were no signs of a general uprising in Germany, Prussia was still unwilling to enter the war and Great Britain was not ready to launch its promised land expedition in northern Europe, while Russia, France's ally since 1807, was becoming increasingly aggressive against the Austrian forces in Galicia.

From a marketing viewpoint, these years saw the launch of the Daily ( 1978 ), the Turbo ( 1981 ) and the Turbostar ( 1984 ), three vehicles that symbolized Iveco's entrepreneurial success in Europe.

On 9 February 1994, agreeing to the request of the UN, the North Atlantic Council of NATO authorized the Commander of Allied Forces Southern Europe ( CINCSOUTH ), U. S. Admiral Jeremy Boorda, to launch air strikes against artillery and mortar positions in and around Sarajevo that were determined by UNPROFOR to be responsible for attacks against civilian targets.

In 1812, with the United Kingdom engaged in Europe, the United States took the opportunity to declare war and launch another attempt to capture Canada and expand westward into Indian territories.

Vauxhall's sales began to increase in 1975, with the launch of two important new models – the Chevette, a small three-door hatchback that was the first car of its kind to be built in Britain, the Chevette carrying the name Opel Kadett in Europe, and Chevrolet Chevette and in the US and Canadian markets ; and the Cavalier ( Opel Ascona elsewhere ), a stylish four-door saloon designed to compete head-to-head with the all-conquering Ford Cortina.

The Sportage SUV range, first sold in 1995, has been popular across Europe, but since 2002 Kia has gained more sales in this market thanks to the launch of the larger Sorento.

The final updated edition, known as Sonic Adventure International, was released as a launch title on September 9, 1999, in North America and on October 14, 1999, in Europe.

Richard Dean Anderson reprised his role as MacGyver in September 2012 in a new series of short movies, created by Mercedes-Benz for the launch of their new MPV Citan in Europe ( the car is not being released in North America ).

However, although the updated Taunus was introduced to Continental Europe in January 1976, Ford were able to continue selling the Cortina Mark III in undiminished numbers in the UK until they were ready to launch its successor as the Dagenham built Cortina Mark IV, which went on sale on 29 September 1976.

Further legal actions dragged on until 1903, when all of the United States and Latin American assets of Zon-O-Phone were turned over to Victor, and the Europe and British Commonwealth assets to the Gramophone & Typewriter Company ( which would later become the Gramophone Company and launch the His Master's Voice record label ).

Eventually, Berlin Tegel became an important spoke for TWA in Europe, following the launch of additional services to Zürich ( via Stuttgart ) and Amsterdam ( via Hamburg ).