In 45 minutes, the Gallery leaders had given the students a quick rundown on art from the Renaissance to the late 19th Century.

But by the 1500s Mannerism had overtaken the Renaissance and it was this style that caught on in Europe.

People can appreciate a Renaissance Madonna for aesthetic reasons, but such objects often had ( and sometimes still have ) specific devotional functions.

Not all Medieval writers are so at odds with the Virgilian standard, and with the rediscovery of classical literature later Medieval and Renaissance writers are far more orthodox, but by then the form had become an academic exercise.

Between 1546 and 1577, the House of Wittelsbach had the Dachau Palace erected in the Renaissance style.

However, " his plays continued to be applauded even after those of Aeschylus and Sophocles had come to seem remote and irrelevant ", they became school classics in the Hellenistic period ( as mentioned in the introduction ) and, due to Seneca's adaptation of his work for Roman audiences, " it was Euripides, not Aeschylus or Sophocles, whose tragic muse presided over the rebirth of tragedy in Renaissance Europe.

In the Middle Ages, the term was widely used to denote any works in canonic style ; by the Renaissance, it had come to denote specifically imitative works.

The Renaissance saw the continuation of interest in magic that had been found in the Mediaeval period, and in this period, there was an increased interest in Hermeticism amongst occultists and ceremonial magicians in Europe, largely fuelled by the 1471 translation of the ancient Corpus hermeticum into Latin by Marsilio Ficino ( 1433 – 1499 ).

The idea of demonology had remained strong in the Renaissance, and several demonological grimoires were published, including The Fourth Book of Occult Philosophy which falsely claimed to having been authored by Agrippa, and the Pseudomonarchia Daemonum, which listed sixty-nine different demons.

Having already acculturated various aspects of Hellenic culture, ancient writers and up through the 17th century such as Francis Bacon and other Renaissance writers called them " Gallo-Graeci ", " Gauls settled among the Greeks " and the country " Gallo-Graecia ", as had the 3rd century AD Latin historian Justin.

He has had a lasting influence on the development of church music, and his work has often been seen as the culmination of Renaissance polyphony.

It is only recently, with the discovery and publication of a great deal of hitherto unknown or forgotten music by various Renaissance composers, that we have had the means to properly assess Palestrina in historical context.

At the same time, Renaissance humanism, with its universal values and emphasis on scholarship ( as exemplified by Erasmus, the " prince of humanism "), had taken root in the country.

European harps in medieval and Renaissance times usually had a bray pin fitted to make a buzzing sound when a string was plucked.

Scenes from ancient history had been popular in the early Renaissance, and once again became common in the Baroque and Rococo periods, and still more so with the rise of Neoclassicism.

By the end of the Renaissance the number of courses had grown to ten, and during the Baroque era the number continued to grow until it reached 14 ( and occasionally as many as 19 ).

The human misery of crowded industrial cities, as well as, on the other hand, the new possibilities created by science, brought changes that would shake European civilization, which had, until then, regarded itself as having a continuous and progressive line of development from the Renaissance.

These artists had matured under the influence of the High Renaissance, and their style has been characterized as a reaction or exaggerated extension of it.

This building had stood on the market place since the 13th century, but it was destroyed in the Thirty Years ' War ; the new town hall was built in a Renaissance style influenced by Dutch architecture.

The transition began with Early Netherlandish painting in northern Europe, and by the height of the Renaissance oil painting techniques had almost completely replaced tempera paints in the majority of Europe.

Although parchment never stopped being used ( primarily for governmental documents and diplomas ) it had ceased to be a primary choice for artist's supports by the end of 15th century Renaissance.

As Pope Leo X ( 1513 – 21 ) indicates the manner in which the Papacy might have been reconciled with the Renaissance had the Reformation never taken place, so Ganganelli exemplifies the type of Pope which the modern world might have learned to accept if the movement towards free thought could, as Voltaire wished, have been confined to the aristocracy of intellect.

He saw in the Renaissance the emergence of the modern spirit of individuality, which had been stifled in the Middle Ages.

Finally, Joan Kelly argued that the Renaissance led to greater gender dichotomy, lessening the agency women had had during the Middle Ages.

Classicizing architectonic structure and decor all ' antica, in the " ancient mode ", became a fashionable way to frame a painted or bas-relief portrait, or protect an expensive and precious mirror during the High Renaissance ; Italian precedents were imitated in France, then in Spain, England and Germany during the later 16th century.

It was Renaissance in Italy, in the late Middle Ages, that started a movement of hostility to caste hierarchy, and then a shift towards ideas of equality, merit, freedoms, skepticism, innovation, judge people by their talent and not by their birth, and such concepts.

The University was then the chief seat of Scholastic learning, but already coming under the influence of Renaissance humanism.

The Earl of Leicester then expanded the castle once again, constructing new Tudor buildings and exploiting the medieval heritage of Kenilworth to produce a fashionable Renaissance palace.

* Some studies propose that the Villa Medici in Fiesole might owe its design to Alberti, not to Michelozzo, and that it then became the prototype of the Renaissance villa.

It then spread from the Italian Renaissance all over Europe.

The emergence of these thinkers was attributed to the then rising notion in Renaissance Italy expressed by one of its most accomplished representatives, Leon Battista Alberti ( 1404 – 1472 ): that " a man can do all things if he will.

However, Renaissance musicians would have been highly trained in dyadic counterpoint and thus possessed this and other information necessary to read a score, " what modern notation requires would then have been perfectly apparent without notation to a singer versed in counterpoint.

Many of these classical philosophical questions were discussed in the Renaissance and then reformulated in the 17th century, particularly during the early development of classical mechanics.

In Renaissance usage, the Italian word cortigiana, feminine of cortigiano (" courtier ") came to refer to " the ruler's mistress ", and then to a well-educated and independent woman of loose morals, eventually a trained artisan of dance and singing, especially one associated with wealthy, powerful, or upper-class men who provided luxuries and status in exchange for companionship.

Some more pieces of the Egyptian fragments were fitted together by Friedrich Blass in Germany and then followed the authoritative edition of Bacchylides ' poetry by Richard Claverhouse Jebb – a combination of scholars that inspired one academic to comment: " we almost had the Renaissance back again ".

Antichristus ( 1521 ) by Lucas Cranach the Elder is a woodcut of the Papal States at war during the Renaissance. During this period the city of Avignon itself was added to the Papal States ; it remained a papal possession even after the popes returned to Rome, being seized and incorporated into the by then unitary French state only during the French Revolution.

Once in royal hands, the château became a favourite of French kings, from Louis XI to Francis I. Charles VIII decided to rebuild it extensively, beginning in 1492 at first in the French late Gothic Flamboyant style and then after 1495 employing two Italian mason-builders, Domenico da Cortona and Fra Giocondo, who provided at Amboise some of the first Renaissance decorative motifs seen in French architecture.

The exceptional 16th-century Brussels tapestry known as " To the birthwort ", both Gothic and Renaissance, is inspired by the discovery of the Americas, and their fauna and flora: it contains Peruvian silver pheasants, pineapples, orchids, pomegranates, animals and vegetables which until then were unknown in Europe.

It was later rebuilt by Charles I d ' Amboise from 1465 – 1475 and then finished by his son, Charles II d ' Amboise de Chaumont from 1498 – 1510, with help from his uncle, Cardinal Georges d ' Amboise ; some Renaissance features were to be seen in buildings that retained their overall medieval appearance.

The impressive size and architectural beauty sets it among the most impressive monuments of medieval art, with subsequent developments added Gothic and then Renaissance and Baroque.

:" Renaissance men developed a delightful, yet horrible way of dealing with their mad denizens: they were put on a ship and entrusted to mariners because folly, water, and sea, as everyone then ' knew ', had an affinity for each other.

When Africans overcome their differences to unite, they can then talk about African Renaissance.

These drawings of set design and costume reveal an interesting development in Jones ’ s draughtsmanship between 1605 and 1609, initially showing “ no knowledge of Renaissance draughtsmanship ”, then in 1609, exhibiting an “ accomplished Italianate manner ”.

In some form, then, achieving authority for new work by citing accepted authorities is a near-universal idea among the peoples of the Mediterranean, whose educated people were exposed to one or other of these practices well before the European Renaissance and the emergence of the formal scientific method.

" The Harlem Renaissance was then cited as of how a sense of Gemütlichkeit arises from a " mix of music, art and politics in service of community consciousness ".

Famously depicted in European paintings of The Renaissance, beautiful Anatolian rugs were often used from then until modern times, to indicate the high economic and social status of the owner.