* 1759 A Journey Through Europe published by John Jefferys, the earliest board game with a designer whose name is known.

It includes the some of the earliest objects made by humans 2 million years ago ; the art and archaeology of Europe from the earliest times to the present day, including the history of Britain under Roman occupation.

Hesperocyonine canids first appeared in North America, and the earliest species is currently dated at 39. 74 mya, but they were not represented in Europe until well into the Miocene, and not into Asia and Africa until the Pliocene.

In Europe, particularly Britain and Ireland, and then in the young United States and the Canadian colonies, inland canals preceded the development of railroads ( 1780-1840 ) during the earliest phase of the Industrial Revolution.

Crete was the centre of the Minoan civilization (), the earliest civilization in Europe, comprising the first palaces in Europe.

All Council of Europe member states are party to the Convention and new members are expected to ratify the convention at the earliest opportunity.

The letter was written to the church at Philippi, one of the earliest churches to be founded in Europe.

The earliest fossils of anatomically modern humans are from the Middle Paleolithic, about 200, 000 years ago such as the Omo remains of Ethiopia, later fossils from Skhul in Israel and Southern Europe begin around 90, 000 years ago.

These flutes demonstrate that a developed musical tradition existed from the earliest period of modern human presence in Europe.

The earliest settlers to Prehistoric Europe came during the paleolithic or " old stone " age, when humans first made use of primitve stone tools.

The earliest appearance of anatomically modern people in Europe has been dated to 35, 000 BC, usually referred to as the Cro-Magnon man.

The earliest record of hominids living in Europe has been found in the Spanish cave of Atapuerca ; fossils found there date to roughly 1. 2 million years ago.

Some, such as the Leonese Salamanca and the Castilian Palencia, were among the earliest universities in Europe.

The earliest evidence for modern humans in North West Europe is a jawbone discovered in Devon at Kents Cavern in 1927, which was re-dated in 2011 to between 41, 000 and 44, 000 years old.

The earliest modern humans – Homo sapiens – entered Europe by 43, 000 years ago ( the Upper Palaeolithic ).

Muslim physicians set up some of the earliest dedicated hospitals, which later spread to Europe during the Crusades, inspired by the hospitals in the Middle East.

Although lutes were in widespread use in Europe at least since the 13th century, and documents mention numerous early performers and composers, the earliest surviving music for the instrument dates from the late 15th century.

While evidence show that martial arts have roots in prehistory, the earliest evidence of systematic training in specific martial arts traditions emerges in antiquity ( late 1st millennium BC ) in both Asia and Europe.

" By the middle of the 9th century, however, a form of neumatic notation began to develop in monasteries in Europe as a mnemonic device for Gregorian chant, using symbols known as neumes ; the earliest surviving musical notation of this type is in the Musica disciplina of Aurelian of Réôme, from about 850.

Excavations in Alby, Sweden, adjacent to the Stora Alvaret have yielded elk antlers in wooden hut remains from 6000 BC, indicating some of the earliest elk hunting in northern Europe.

In southeast Europe agrarian societies first appeared in the 7th millennium BC, attested by one of the earliest farming site of Europe, discovered in Vashtëmi, southeastern Albania and dating back to 6, 500 BC.

Based on the amber, the island could have been Heligoland, Zealand, the shores of Bay of Gdansk, Sambia or the Curonian Lagoon, which were historically the richest sources of amber in northern Europe.

They had access to sources that the prehistory of Europe lacks such as ethnographies and the historical records of the early colonizers.

The cementation process continued to be used but literary sources from both Europe and the Islamic world seem to describe variants of a higher temperature liquid process which took places in open-topped crucibles.

During the Viking Age, Birka ( Birca in medieval sources ), on the island of Björkö ( literally: " Birch Island ") in Sweden, was an important trading center which handled goods from Scandinavia as well as Central and Eastern Europe and the Orient.

According to the majority of sources ( see section Current views on Central Europe for some ) the region includes:

In Europe, in connection with the 2010 census round, a large number of countries adopted alternative census methodologies, often based on the combination of data from registers, surveys and other sources.

Flint was still used from sources such as Grimes Graves but from many other mines across Europe.

Other sources state that Dada did not originate fully in a Zurich literary salon but grew out of an already vibrant artistic tradition in Eastern Europe, particularly Romania, that transposed to Switzerland when a group of Jewish modernist artists ( Tzara, Marcel & Iuliu Iancu, Arthur Segal, and others ) settled in Zurich.

Murray used 16th to 17th century French sources on supposed Witches ' Sabbaths in the context of the European witch trials to " reconstruct " a Witch Cult in Western Europe.

Based on the amber, the island could have been Heligoland, Zealand, the shores of Bay of Gdansk, Sambia or the Curonian Lagoon, which were historically the richest sources of amber in northern Europe.

It is possible to speculate that he may have hoped to circumnavigate Europe, but the sources do not say.

Over the last two decades some new sources of funding for parapsychology in Europe have see a " substantial increase in European parapsychological research so that the center of gravity for the field has swung from the United States to Europe ".

The open pit of Trimoun close to the commune of Luzenac ( Ariège ) is one of the greatest sources of talc in Europe.

The early medieval slave trade was mainly confined to the South and East: the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim world were the destinations, pagan Central and Eastern Europe, along with the Caucasus and Tartary, were important sources.

The earliest associations of 1 November with All Saints are thus found in 8th century sources of Northwestern Europe ( Anglo-Saxon and German ), while the earliest references to the Irish festival of Samhain are found in sources of Irish mythology compiled in the 10th century and later.

All thyme species are nectar sources, but wild thyme covers large areas of droughty, rocky soils in southern Europe ( Greece is especially famous for wild thyme honey ) and North Africa, as well as in similar landscapes in the Berkshire and Catskill Mountains of the northeastern US.

Newfoundland marine insurance agent and historian William A. Munn ( 1864 – 1939 ), after studying literary sources in Europe, suggested in his 1914 book " Wineland Voyages: Location of Helluland, Markland & Vinland " that the Vinland explorers " went ashore at Lancey Meadows, as it is called today ".

A consequence of the available written sources, which may have coloured how we perceive the Viking Age as a historical period, is that we know a lot more of the raids to western Europe than those to the East.

Mead is known from many sources of ancient history throughout Europe, Africa and Asia, although archaeological evidence of it is ambiguous.

A number of researchers disagree with this and suggest that the northern latitudes permitted enough synthesis of vitamin D combined with food sources from hunting to keep populations healthy, and only when agriculture was adopted was there a need for lighter skin to maximize the synthesis of vitamin D. The theory suggests that the reduction of game meat, fish, and some plants from the diet resulted in skin turning light many thousands of years after settlement in Europe and Asia.

Several sources note that Polish Armia Krajowa was the largest resistance movement in Nazi-occupied Europe.

In 1907 the total of mahogany from all sources imported into Europe was 159, 830 tons, of which 121, 743 tons were from West Africa.