With the loss of the study of ancient Greek in the early medieval Latin West, Aristotle was practically unknown there from c. AD 600 to c. 1100 except through the Latin translation of the Organon made by Boethius.

These authors, the former a medieval historian and the latter an early modernist, quickly became associated with the distinctive Annales approach, which combined geography, history, and the sociological approaches of the Année Sociologique ( many members of which were their colleagues at Strasbourg ) to produce an approach which rejected the predominant emphasis on politics, diplomacy and war of many 19th and early 20th-century historians as spearheaded by historians whom Febvre called Les Sorbonnistes.

No larger settlements, however, have been found to have existed in this remote rural area, located at least 15 km from the nearest road even in Roman times, up to the early medieval period when the place is mentioned as a king's mansion for the first time, not long before Charlemagne became ruler of the Germanic Franks.

This is the reason that Alfred divided his code into precisely 120 chapters: 120 was the age at which Moses died and, in the number-symbolism of early medieval biblical exegetes, 120 stood for law.

Saint Thomas Aquinas's aesthetic is probably the most famous and influential theory among medieval authors, having been the subject of much scrutiny in the wake of the neo-Scholastic revival of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and even having received the approbation of the celebrated Modernist writer, James Joyce.

Well known armour types in European history include the lorica hamata, lorica squamata, and the lorica segmentata of the Roman legions, the mail hauberk of the early medieval age, and the full steel plate harness worn by later medieval and renaissance knights, and breast and back plates worn by heavy cavalry in several European countries until the first year of World War I ( 1914 – 15 ).

In early medieval times, Argovia or Argowe was a disputed border region between the duchies of Alamannia and Burgundy.

Studies in early and medieval Irish archaeology, history and literature in honour of Francis J. Byrne, ed.

The Battle of Bouvines, which took place on 27 July 1214, was a medieval battle ending the twelve year old Angevin-Flanders War that was fundamental in the early development of France in the Middle Ages by confirming the French crown's sovereignty over the Angevin lands of Brittany and Normandy.

The medieval European Knights Templar ran an early prototype of a central banking system, as their promises to pay were widely respected, and many regard their activities as having laid the basis for the modern banking system.

Like The Black Diamonds, it uses a medieval, Arabian Nights – like setting, and the Arabian Nights, like the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm and the works of Edgar Allan Poe, are known to have strongly influenced Smith's early writing, as did William Beckford's Vathek.

Columbanus ( 540 – 23 November 615 ;, meaning " the white dove ") was an Irish missionary notable for founding a number of monasteries on the European continent from around 590 in the Frankish and Lombard kingdoms, most notably Luxeuil ( in present-day France ) and Bobbio ( Italy ), and stands as an exemplar of Irish missionary activity in early medieval Europe.

Other historians claim instead that the Carolingian byrnie was nothing more than a coat of mail, but longer and perhaps heavier than traditional early medieval mail.

Wansdyke, an early medieval defensive linear earthwork, runs from south of Bristol to near Marlborough, Wiltshire, passing not far from Bath.

Medieval military doctrine employed them as part of a combined-arms force along with various kinds of foot troops ; however medieval chroniclers tended to pay undue attention to the knights at the expense of the rank and file, which led early students of military history to suppose that this heavy cavalry was the only force that mattered on medieval European battlefields, which was not the case.

Ironically, the rise of infantry in the early 16th century coincided with the " golden age " of heavy cavalry ; a French or Spanish army at the beginning of the century could have up to half its numbers made up of various kinds of light and heavy cavalry, whereas in earlier medieval and later 17th century armies the proportion of cavalry was seldom more than a quarter.

It was immediately steeped in medieval nominalism and early Protestantism.

The crossbow is portrayed as a hunting weapon on four Pictish stones from early medieval Scotland ( 6th to 9th centuries ): St. Vigeans no.

In Scotland, their medieval and post-medieval use is also documented into the early 18th century.

What is striking about these early cases is that unlike modern courts, the medieval English courts never questioned the right of the actual plaintiffs to sue on behalf of a group or a few representatives to defend an entire group.

Considerable fragments of two other works, On Providence and Divine Manifestations, are preserved in the early medieval encyclopedia, the Suda.

There are 83 known manuscripts of the work from the late medieval and early Renaissance period, more than any other vernacular literary text with the exception of The Prick of Conscience.

Together with earlier arrivals to the United States ( including the indigenous American Indians, Hispanic and Latino Americans, particularly in the West, Southwest, and Texas ; African Americans who came to the United States in the Atlantic slave trade ; and early colonial migrants from Britain, France, Germany, Spain, and elsewhere ), these new waves of immigrants had a pro profound impact on national or regional cuisine.

Thousands of French refugees, fleeing the slave rebellion in Saint Domingue, brought slaves and expertise in sugar refining and coffee growing into eastern Cuba in the 1790 and early 19th century.

Interestingly, however, Gongo Lutete himself was apparently sickened by the cannibalism of his own people, having been raised from an early age in Arab customs as a slave to the infamous Swahili-Zanzibari merchant Tippu Tip, who eventually freed Gongo in return for his bravery in battle.

Historians widely believe that the widower Thomas Jefferson, both before and during his presidency of the United States in the early 19th century, had an intimate relationship of 38 years with his mixed-race slave Sally Hemings, in such an arrangement, and fathered all of her six children of record.

In the early years of the United States, immigration was fewer than 8, 000 people a year, including French refugees from the slave revolt in Haiti.

In an attempt to reverse the decline, from 1848 to the early 1870s Macau engaged in the infamous trade of coolies ( slave labourers ) as a transit port, shipping locals from southern China to Cuba, Peru, and other South American ports to work on plantations or in mines.

The empire began to decline during the early 18th century when fighting among the sub-chiefs and the burgeoning slave trade weakened the Maravi Empire's authority.

The Indian Wars of the early 18th century, combined with the increasing importation of African slaves, effectively ended the Native American slave trade by 1750.

The wars cost the lives of numerous colonial slave traders and disrupted their early societies.

Two Polish slave janitors of Peenemünde's Camp Trassenheide in early 1943 provided maps, sketches and reports to Polish Home Army Intelligence, and in June 1943 British intelligence had received two such reports which identified the " rocket assembly hall ', ' experimental pit ', and ' launching tower '.

It was also a driving force behind the transatlantic slave trade, and behind states based on racial segregation such as the USA in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and South Africa under apartheid.

Amongst its early permanent inhabitants were political leaders from various Dutch colonies, including Indonesia, and the leader of the mutiny on the slave ship Meermin.

When the Europeans began their African slave trade in the early 15th century, the diet of newly-enslaved Africans changed on the long journeys away from their homelands.

The trade of slaves in England was made illegal in 1102, although England went on to become very active in the lucrative Atlantic slave trade from the seventeenth to the early nineteenth century.

As recently as the early 1960s, Saudi Arabia's slave population was estimated at 300, 000.

Solomon's father Mintus was a freedman, who had been a slave in the early part of his life in service to the Northup family.

The United Kingdom's early interest in Zanzibar was motivated by both commerce and the determination to end the slave trade.

Sugarcane, produced by slave labor, drove the islands ' economy during the 18th and early 19th centuries, until the abolition of slavery by Governor Peter von Scholten on July 3, 1848.

Life and times of Frederick Douglass: his early life as a slave, his escape from bondage, and his complete history, written by himself.

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, slave clocks were widely used throughout public buildings and business offices, and their remote operation was regulated by electrical signals sent by a centralized master clock.

The Shepherd Clock outside the observatory gate is an early example of an electric slave clock.

Sugar cane, produced by slave labor, drove the islands ' economy during the 18th and early 19th centuries.

In early times, the son who denied his father had his front hair shorn and a slave-mark put on him and could be sold as a slave ; while the son who denied his mother had his front hair shorn, was driven round the city as an example and expelled from his home, but not degraded to slavery.

" In the early 18th century, Kings of Dahomey ( known today as Benin ) became big players in the slave trade, waging a bitter war on their neighbours, resulting in the capture of 10, 000, including another important slave trader, the King of Whydah.