Following at the Battle of Uhud in 625, it is said that after killing Hamzah ibn Abdu l-Muṭṭalib, his liver was consumed by Hind bint ‘ Utbah ( the wife of Abû Sufyan ibn Harb one of the commanders of the Qurayš army ) who later reportedly converted to Islam and became the mother of Muawiyah I founder of the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate.

Islam became a court religion under Sundiata's son Uli I ( 1225 – 1270 ).

Malcolm X left the Nation in March 1964 and in the next month founded Muslim Mosque, Inc., claiming, " I never left the Nation of Islam of my own free will.

They view Hussein as the defender of Islam from annihilation at the hands of Yazid I. Hussein is the last imam following Ali whom all Shia sub-branches mutually recognise.

At present time I do not know in all the realm of al-Islam any house of hospitality and charity more excellent than this one. Tamim al-Dari, before converting to Islam, lived in the southern Levant.

In August 2001, Fortuyn was quoted in the Rotterdams Dagblad newspaper saying, " I am also in favour of a cold war with Islam.

I see Islam as an extraordinary threat, as a hostile religion.

Abu Sufyan and his wife Hind embraced Islam on the eve of the conquest of Mecca, as did their son ( the future caliph Muawiyah I ).

Although the ending date of ancient history is disputed, some Western scholars use the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD, the closure of the Platonic Academy in 529 AD, the death of the emperor Justinian I, the coming of Islam or the rise of Charlemagne as the end of ancient and Classical European history.

The letter also said, in part, " I am pleased to send to Your Excellency in my name most solemn assurances of thanks and appreciation for the efforts you exert in the service of Islam, Muslims and all mankind through your initiative to teach Islam, spread the culture of Islam, and solve disputes, for which you are known internationally.

In the Southeast of the cathedral is a newly-formed Turkish neighborhood, but the majority of the local Turks are members of the Christian faith ( i. e., Greek Orthodox or of ethnic Greek origin, Eastern Rite and Catholic converts ) other than practising Islam, who arrived in France after World War I to escape religious persecution.

* William Chittick and Sachiko Murata ( 2006 ), The Vision of Islam, Publisher: I. B. Tauris, ISBN 1-84511-320-9

: I have recently learned that your organization is compiling dossiers on professors at U. S. academic institutions who oppose the Israeli occupation and its brutality, actively support Palestinian rights of self-determination as well as a more informed and intelligent view of Islam than is currently represented in the U. S. media.

Muslim rule of the town ( see History of Islam in southern Italy ) lasted until 1078, when it was captured by the Norman count Roger I of Sicily.

In 1502, Queen Isabella I of Castile formally rescinded toleration of Islam for the entire Kingdom of Castile.

Muawiyah I is a reviled figure in Shia Islam for several reasons.

In addition to such secular titles, the Ottoman sultan became the Caliph of Islam bearing the title Khalifeh ül-Rasul Rub al-A ’ alimin ( i. e. Successor of the Prophet of the Lord of the Universe ), starting with Selim I, who became Caliph in 1517 after Al-Mutawakkil III, the last of the Abbasid Caliphs in Cairo, formally surrendered the caliphal titles and regalia ( the sword, mantle and other relics of Muhammad ) to Selim in Constantinople the same year.

He recalled that his father " insisted that I learnt the Koran and encouraged me to understand the basic traditions and beliefs of Islam but without imposing any particular views.

: I, as the President, upon the Holy Qur ' an and in the presence of the Iranian nation, do hereby swear in the name of Almighty God to safeguard the official Faith, the system of the Islamic republic and the Constitution of the country ; to use all my talents and abilities in the discharge of responsibilities undertaken by me ; to devote myself to the service of the people, glory of the country, promotion of religion and morality, support of right and propagation of justice ; to refrain from being autocratic ; to protect the freedom and dignity of individuals and the rights of the Nation recognized by the Constitution ; to spare no efforts in safeguarding the frontiers and the political, economic and cultural freedoms of the country ; to guard the power entrusted to me by the Nation as a sacred trust like an honest and faithful trustee, by seeking help from God and following the example of the Prophet of Islam and the sacred Imams, peace be upon them, and to entrust it to the one elected by the Nation after me.

He stated in Islam, Empire, and the Left: Conversation with Tariq Ali: " I grew up an atheist.

: i. e., " In those weeks, I truly entered into the spirit of Islam to such an extent that ultimately I became inwardly convinced that I myself was a Muslim, and judiciously discovered that this was the only religion which, even in its doctrinal and official formulation, can satisfy philosophic minds.

Many religions, whether they believe in the soul's existence in another world like Christianity, Islam and many pagan belief systems, or in reincarnation like many forms of Hinduism and Buddhism, believe that one's status in the afterlife is a reward or punishment for their conduct during life.

Leading Islamist thinkers emphasize the enforcement of Sharia ( Islamic law ); of pan-Islamic political unity ; and of the elimination of non-Muslim, particularly Western military, economic, political, social, or cultural influences in the Muslim world, which they believe to be incompatible with Islam.

The concept Islamism is controversial, not just because it posits a political role for Islam, but also because its supporters believe their views merely reflect Islam, while the contrary idea that Islam is, or can be, apolitical is an error.

Scholars and observers who do not believe that Islam is a political ideology include Fred Halliday, John Esposito and Muslim intellectuals like Javed Ahmad Ghamidi.

Islamists have asked the question, " If Islam is a way of life, how can we say that those who want to live by its principles in legal, social, political, economic, and political spheres of life are not Muslims, but Islamists and believe in Islamism, not Islam?

Muslims also believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed at many times and places before, including through the prophets Abraham, Moses and Jesus.

After Jesus slays al-Dajjāl at the Gate of Lud, he will bear witness and reveal that Islam is indeed the true and last word from God to humanity as Yusuf Ali's translation reads: " And there is none of the People of the Book but must believe in him before his death ; and on the Day of Judgment He will be a witness against them.

Contrary to mainstream Islam, the Ahmadis do not believe that Jesus is alive in heaven, but that he survived the crucifixion and migrated towards the east where he died a natural death and that Ghulam Ahmad was only the promised spiritual second coming and likeness of Jesus, the promised Messiah and Mahdi.

Many scholars believe that Noah and the Biblical Flood story are derived from the Mesopotamian version, predominantly because Biblical mythology that is today found in Judaism, Christianity, Islam and Mandeanism shares overlapping consistency with far older written ancient Mesopotamian story of The Great Flood, and that the early Hebrews were known to have lived in Mesopotamia.

In particular, Hinduism and the Abrahamic religions ( Judaism, Christianity, and Islam ) believe that there is a divine being who is omniscient.

Although the majority of sects within Judaism, Christianity and Islam do not believe that individuals reincarnate, particular groups within these religions do refer to reincarnation ; these groups include the mainstream historical and contemporary followers of Kabbalah, the Cathars, and the Shia sects such as the Alawi Shias and the Druze and the Rosicrucians.

Muslims believe that Allah sent the Qur ' an to bring peace and harmony to humanity through Islam ( submission to Allah ).

In contrast to other types, the Shia believe that only God has the right to choose a representative to safeguard Islam, the Quran and sharia.

They believe God chose Ali to be Muhammad's successor, infallible, the first caliph ( khalifa, head of state ) of Islam.

However, traditionalists believe that any departure from the legal teachings of the Quran as explained by the Prophet Muhammad and put into practice by him is an alien concept that cannot properly be attributed to " Islam ".

The Quran ( ;,, literally meaning " the recitation "), also transliterated Qur ' an, Koran, Al-Coran, Coran, Kuran, and Al-Qur ' an, is the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims believe to be the verbatim word of God (, Allah ).

After the construction, Muslims believe, the temple was used for the worship of one God by many prophets of Islam, including Jesus.

It explicitly rejects puritanical forms of Islam ( whom they attack as being wahhabi ), such as taught by the salafi movement, for being too ' harsh ' against modernity and what they believe to be ' good ' innovations in Islam, as well as claiming that the wahhabi condone terrorism.

Many religions, whether they believe in the soul ’ s existence in another world like Christianity, Islam and many pagan belief systems, or in reincarnation like many forms of Hinduism and Buddhism, believe that one ’ s status in the afterlife is a reward or punishment for their conduct during life, with the exception of Christianity, which believes one's status in the afterlife is a gift from God and cannot be earned during life.

The Jewish synagogue affords a parallel to the Christian congregation, but Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Confucianism, Taoism, Shintoism, although they have sacred scriptures, priests, spiritual disciplines, and places of prayer, do not have a congregation as a local household of faith and love.

In addition to his battle against moral decay, Alan wrote a work against Islam, Judaism and Christian heretics dedicated to William VIII of Montpellier.

Jewish and Christian music were originally a cappella, and this tradition has existed continuously in both of these religions as well as in Islam.

With the emergence of Christianity and the rise of Islam, Constantinople became the last bastion of Christian Europe, standing at the fore of Islamic expansion, and repelling its influence.

However, the gradual conversions to Islam over the centuries changed Egypt from a Christian to a largely Muslim country by the end of the 12th century.

The media, in an attempt to explain the ideology of Ayatollah Khomeini and the Iranian Revolution to a Western audience described it as a " fundamentalist version of Islam " by way of analogy to the Christian fundamentalist movement in the U. S. Thus was born the term " Islamic fundamentalist ", which would come to be one of the most common usages of the term in the following years.

Christian fundamentalists, who generally consider the term to be pejorative when used to refer to themselves, often object to the placement of themselves and Islamist groups into a single category given that the fundamentals of Christianity are different from the fundamentals of Islam.

The Spaniard, Michael Servetus denounced the orthodox Christian formulation of the Trinity ( demonstrating the only explicit reference to the Trinity in the New Testament to be a later interpolation ); and hoped thereby to bridge the doctrinal divide between Christianity and Islam.

By the beginning of the 20th century, Western scholars of Islam started to critically engage with the Islamic texts, subjecting them to the same agnostic, searching scrutiny that had previously been applied to Christian texts ( see higher criticism ).

It is argued that either the claims of Islam were false and the Christian or post-Christian West had finally come up with another system that was superior, or Islam had failed through not being true to itself.

He believed that imitation of the early Muslims and the restoration of Sharia law were essential to Islam, that secular, Westernizing Muslims were actually agents of the West serving Western interests, and that the " plundering " of Muslim lands was part of a long-term conspiracy against Islam by the Christian West.

Despite persistent rumors, encouraged by some Islamic publications and websites, Cousteau did not convert to Islam, and when he died he was buried in a Roman Catholic Christian funeral.

During the reign of Almoravids, the position of the Jews was apparently free of significant abuses, but after another Berber dynasty, Almohads, conquered Córdoba in 1148 they have abolished the dhimma status ( i. e. state protection of life and wealth ) in some of their territories which threatened the Jewish and Christian communities with the choice of conversion to Islam, death, or exile.

In some instances mosques have been established on the places of Jewish or Christian sanctuaries associated with Biblical personalities who were also recognized by Islam.

Islam does not refer to itself as " Christian ", asserting that Jesus and all true followers of Christ's teachings were ( and are ) Muslims — a term that means " submitters to God "— not Christians as the term is used today.

In addition, Eastern Oromos who were converted to Islam ruled over most of Ethiopia together with Afars and Somalis when Horn of African Muslims who were united and led by Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi conquered a majority of Christian Ethiopian highlands.

Recent interfaith initiatives include " A Common Word ", launched in 2007 and focused on bringing Muslim and Christian leaders together, the " C1 World Dialogue ", the " Common Ground " initiative between Islam and Buddhism, and a United Nations sponsored " World Interfaith Harmony Week ".

Some people start Christian, follow Islam, then Buddhism, then nothing.

* The Renegades: Christian individuals who embraced Islam and often fought against their former compatriots.

From the mid to late 14th, through early 18th centuries, the Ottoman devşirme – janissary system enslaved and forcibly converted to Islam an estimated 500, 000 to one million non – Muslim ( primarily Balkan Christian ) adolescent males.

Historically, Samaritans were a large community — up to more than a million in late Roman times, but were then gradually reduced to several tens of thousands a few centuries ago — their unprecedented demographic shrinkage has been a result of various historical events, including, most notably, the bloody suppression of the Third Samaritan Revolt ( 529 CE ) against the Byzantine Christian rulers, and mass conversion to Islam in the Early Muslim period of Palestine.

Unlike Jewish and Christian traditions, Islam denies that Solomon fell into idolatry or turned away from Allah in any way, and views him as famed throughout the lands for his wisdom and fair judgments.