Alexander II ( Mediaeval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Uilliam ; Modern Gaelic: Alasdair mac Uilleim ) ( 24 August 1198 – 6 July 1249 ) was King of Scots from

Otto took control of Aachen, the place of coronation, and was crowned by Adolf, Archbishop of Cologne, on July 12, 1198.

Pope Innocent III ( 1160 or 1161 – 16 July 1216 ) was Pope from 8 January 1198 until his death.

* July 6 – King Alexander II of Scotland ( b. 1198 )

Richard was also dissatisfied with the results of the carucage in 1198, so Walter resigned his position of chief justiciar on 11 July of that year.

On 11 July 1198, King Richard appointed Geoffrey Chief Justiciar, which at that time effectively made him the king's principal minister.

Leopold VI ( 1176 – 28 July 1230 ), called the Glorious, from the House of Babenberg, was Duke of Austria from 1198 to 1230 and of Styria from 1194 to 1230.

John de Braose ( born 1197 or 1198 – 18 July 1232 ), known as Tadody to the Welsh, was the Lord of Bramber and Gower.

* The European fisheries fund ( EFF ) established for the programming period 2007-2013 with the Council Regulation ( EC ) No 1198 / 2006 of 27 July 2006.

In the ensuing dynastic struggle for the throne between the Hohenstaufen and the Welfs, he crowned on 12 July 1198 the Welf Otto of Brunswick in Aachen as King of the Romans ( or German king ).

Another famous abjuration was brought about by the Plakkaat van Verlatinghe of July 26, 1581, the formal Declaration of Independence of the Low Countries from the Spanish king, Philip II.

On July 23, after having summoned his all vassals, Philip had an army consisting of 4, 000 cavalry and 11, 000 piétons ( foot soldiers ).

Philip now took the offensive himself, and in maneuvoering to get a good cavalry ground upon which to fight he offered battle ( 27 July ), on the plain east of Bouvines and the river Marque.

Mountbatten's qualification for offering advice to this particular heir to the throne was unique ; it was he who had arranged the visit of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth to Dartmouth Royal Naval College on 22 July 1939, taking care to include the young Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret in the invitation, but assigning his nephew, Cadet Prince Philip of Greece, to keep them amused while their parents toured the facility.

With the resources thus gained he undertook to enable Philip V to carry out an ambitious foreign policy to undo the Treaty of Utrecht, with the aim of countering the Habsburgs and recovering Spanish possessions in Italy, where he was responsible for unwarranted invasions of Sardinia ( November 1717, strongly supported by Sardinian politician Vicente Bacallar ) and Sicily ( July 1718 ), in spite of promises made to the Pope, while pressing Spanish causes in France with the Cellamare Conspiracy.

The Policy and Resources Committee of the States of Jersey established the Constitutional Review Group in July 2005, chaired by Sir Philip Bailhache, with terms of reference ' to conduct a review and evaluation of the potential advantages and disadvantages for Jersey in seeking independence from the United Kingdom or other incremental change in the constitutional relationship, while retaining the Queen as Head of State '.

In 1734, Charles I conquered the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, and was crowned as the King of Naples and Sicily on 3 July 1735, leaving the Duchy of Parma to his brother Philip ( Filippo I di Borbone-Parma ).

The conflict was decided by the Battle of Bouvines on 27 July 1214, which pitted Otto, allied to King John of England against Philip II Augustus.

Philip II Augustus (; 21 August 1165 – 14 July 1223 ) was the last King of the Franks from 1180 to 1190, and the first King of France from 1190 until his death.

In July 1185, the Treaty of Boves left the disputed territory partitioned, with Amiénois, Artois and numerous other places passing to the King and the remainder, with the county of Vermandois proper, being left provisionally to Philip of Alsace.

Finally, by the Treaty of Azay-le-Rideau ( 4 July 1189 ), Henry was forced to renew his own homage, to confirm the cession of Issoudun, with Graçay also, to Philip, and to renounce his claim to suzerainty over Auvergne.

By the time Acre surrendered on 12 July, Philip was severely ill with dysentery which reduced his crusading zeal.

At Mantes on 9 July 1193, Philip came to terms with Richard's ministers who agreed that Philip could keep his gains and would be given some extra territories if he ceased all further aggressive actions in Normandy, along with the condition that Philip would hand back the captured territory if Richard would pay homage to Philip.

Refusing to risk everything in a major battle, Philip retreated, only to have his rear guard caught at Fréteval on 3 July which turned into a general encounter during which Philip only managed to avoid capture, as his army was put to flight.

Philip finally achieved a third marriage, on 7 May 1196, to Agnes of Merania from Dalmatia ( c. 1180 – 29 July in 1201 ).

** Philip ( July 120014 / 18 January 1234 ), Count of Boulogne by marriage ; married Matilda II, Countess of Boulogne and had issue.

Philip II Augustus died 14 July 1223 at Mantes-la-Jolie, and was interred in Saint Denis Basilica.

Mary married Philip at Winchester Cathedral, on 25 July 1554.

William's son Robert, still allied with the French King Philip I, appears to have been active in stirring up trouble, enough so that William led an expedition against the French Vexin in July 1087.

* July 23 – Philip Seymour Hoffman, American actor

* July 24 – Don Carlos of Spain, son of Philip II of Spain ( b. 1545 )

The usurper L. Domitius Domitianus declared himself Augustus in July or August 297.

The name was then changed by Augustus to honor Julius Caesar, who was born in July.

In what became known as the Pacification Sejm, held June – July 1736, Augustus was confirmed as king.

* July 7 – King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland ( b. 1520 )

* July 17 – Sir Frederick Augustus Abel, British chemist ( d. 1902 )

* July 5 – Prince Ernest Augustus is created Duke of York.

* July 3 – Battle of Freteval: Richard I of England reconquers his French fiefdoms from Philip II Augustus.

After the Treaty of Tilsit, which Frederick William III of Prussia and Czar Alexander I of Russia concluded with Napoleon in July 1807, Frederick Augustus was also named duke of Warsaw.

In July 1812 Frederick Augustus ratified a proclamation of the Polish Parliament that restored the Kingdom of Poland.

When Constantius died on 25 July 306, his father's troops proclaimed Constantine as Augustus in Eboracum ( York ).

Towards the end of Heraclius ' reign he obtained through his mother ’ s influence the title of Augustus on July 4, 638, and after his father ’ s death was proclaimed joint emperor with his older half-brother Constantine III ( Herakleios Constantine ).

The local US government representative Major George M. Hanson, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Northern California, and the State Militia representative Captain Augustus W. Starr sent July 31 to asses the situation were unsure what to do with the popular movement or how to stop the acts of vigilante justice.

Robert Augustus Toombs ( July 2, 1810 – December 15, 1885 ) was an American and Confederate political leader, Whig Party Senator from Georgia, a founding father of the Confederacy, its first Secretary of State, and a minor Confederate general in the Civil War.

John Augustus Roebling ( born Johann August Röbling, June 12, 1806 – July 22, 1869 ) was a German-born American civil engineer.

The 13th century scholar Sacrobosco claimed that in the Julian calendar February had 30 days in leap years between 45 BC and 8 BC, when Augustus allegedly shortened February by one day to give that day to the month of August named after him so that it had the same length as the month of July named after his adoptive father Julius Caesar.

Karl Augustus Menninger ( July 22, 1893 – July 18, 1990 ), was an American psychiatrist and a member of the Menninger family of psychiatrists who founded the Menninger Foundation and the Menninger Clinic in Topeka, Kansas.

It was commissioned by the Roman Senate on 4 July 13 BC to honor the return of Augustus to Rome after three years in Hispania and Gaul, and was consecrated on 30 January 9 BC by the Senate to celebrate the peace established in the Empire after Augustus's victories.

George Augustus Constantine Phipps, 2nd Marquess of Normanby, GCB, GCMG, PC ( 23 July 1819 – 3 April 1890 ), styled Viscount Normanby between 1831 and 1838 and Earl of Mulgrave between 1838 and 1863, was a British Liberal politician and colonial governor.

Philip Augustus died at Mantes, 14 July 1223.

* Augustus Henry Fitzroy, 3rd Duke of Grafton: 12 July 1765 – 14 May 1766

As confidant of the duke of Cambridge, he was allowed to take a share in framing the Hanoverian constitution of 1833, which remodelled the old aristocratic government in a direction which had become inevitable since the July revolution in Paris ; and when in 1837 the new king Ernest Augustus I of Hanover declared the constitution invalid, it was Dahlmann who inspired the famous protest of the seven professors of Göttingen.