This violin, now at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, may have been part of a set made for the marriage of Philip II of Spain to Elisabeth of Valois in 1559, which would make it one of the earliest known violins in existence.

But Philip, now 60 years of age, died before the Bastarnae could arrive.

The Spanish Golden Age ( in Spanish, Siglo de Oro ) was a period of flourishing arts and letters in the Spanish Empire ( now Spain and the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America ), coinciding with the political decline and fall of the Habsburgs ( Philip III, Philip IV and Charles II ).

Pope Innocent III initially had supported the Welfs, but when Otto, now sole elected monarch, moved to appropriate Sicily, Innocent changed sides and accepted young Frederick II and his ally, King Philip II of France, who defeated Otto at the 1214 Battle of Bouvines.

Shortly thereafter, the Romans pacified Sicily and entered into an alliance with the Aetolian League to counter Phillip V. Philip, who attempted to exploit Rome's preoccupation in Italy to conquer Illyria, now found himself under attack from several sides at once and was quickly subdued by Rome and her Greek allies.

but I have only one ye now, and hardly that .’ I was really quite touched ". On 5 November Reynolds, fearing he may not have an opportunity to write a will, wrote a memorandum intended to be his last will and testament, with Edmund Burke, Edmond Malone and Philip Metcalfe named as executors.

Instead, in 1769, he enrolled at the College of New Jersey, now Princeton University, where he became roommates and close friends with Philip Freneau, later dubbed " the poet of the Revolution.

Philip moved south around the new defensive line and struck upwards at the heart of the Duchy, now facing little resistance.

In 1990, General Foods was merged into Kraft Foods by parent company Philip Morris ( now the Altria Group ).

The building influenced the creation of hundreds of modernist glass houses, most notably the Glass House by Philip Johnson, located near New York City and also now owned by the National Trust.

In 336 BC Philip II of Macedon conquered Upper Macedonia, including its northern part and southern Paeonia, which both now lie within the Republic of Macedonia.

A former pupil of an eminent German scholar and educationist Valentin Friedland, Martin Helwig went on to study at the University of Wittenberg where as a student of Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon he earned the academic degree of Magister, in 1552 he became Rector of St. Maria Magdalena School in Breslau ( now Wrocław, in Poland ).

Philip had spent this time consolidating his territorial gains, and by now was controlling much of Normandy east of the Seine, and remaining within striking distance of Rouen.

Philip now pressed his advantage in northeastern Normandy, where he conducted a raid at Dieppe, during which he burnt the English ships in the harbour, repulsing an attack by Richard at the same time.

Philip now marched southward into the Berry region, and his primary objective was the fortress of Issoudun, which had just been captured by Richard's mercenary commander, Mercadier.

Philip, now in desperate circumstances, offered a truce so that discussions could begin towards a more permanent peace, with the offer that he would return all of the territories except for Gisors.

In May 1200, Philip signed the Treaty of Le Goulet with Richard's successor king John of England, as youngest son of Henry called the Lackland, now also Duke of Normandy.

John immediately threw his support behind Otto, and Philip now saw his chance to launch a successful invasion of England.

And now the proclamation of Pretorius was followed by protests on the part of the British high commissioner, Sir Philip Edmond Wodehouse, as well as on the part of the consul-general for Portugal in South Africa.

The Prado Philip II, now recognised as by Anguissola

An important commission of 1867 was the " green dining room " at the South Kensington Museum ( now the Morris Room of the Victoria and Albert ), featuring stained glass windows and panel figures by Burne-Jones, panels with branches of fruit or flowers by Morris, and olive branches and a frieze by Philip Webb.

Meanwhile, the English, who had previously held the view that Philip could remain on the throne of Spain, now decided that their commercial interests would be more secure under the Archduke Charles.

* November 25 – James of Baux succeeds his uncle, Philip II, as Prince of Taranto ( now eastern Italy ) and titular ruler of the Latin Empire ( now northern Greece and western Turkey ).

And it was clear that Adrien was not mistaken, for both Small and Cromwell took no step toward aiding in the sending up of the new topgallant mast till Philip Spencer had given the signal to obey.

The French army of 15, 000 men took ground exactly opposite in a similar formation, cavalry on the wings, infantry, including the townsmen ( milice des communes ) in the center, Philip with the cavalry reserve and the royal standard, the Oriflamme, in rear of the men on foot.

Writer George Bernard Shaw claimed to have read the complete 9th edition — except for the science articles — and Richard Evelyn Byrd took the Britannica as reading material for his five-month stay at the South Pole in 1934, while Philip Beaver read it during a sailing expedition.

Philip III took part in another crusading disaster: the Aragonese Crusade, which cost him his life in 1285.

When John still refused to come, Philip declared John in breach of his feudal responsibilities, reassigned all of John's lands that fell under the French crown to Arthur – with the exception of Normandy, which he took back for himself – and began a fresh war against John.

The expedition was delayed and finally cancelled, and Philip took his army away to the north.

Most of the army of Jerusalem marched north with Philip, Raymond III, and Bohemond III to attack Hama, and Saladin took the opportunity to invade the kingdom.

When Richard arrived in 1191, he and Philip took different sides in the succession dispute.

Alice was prevented from exercising any real power as regent by Philip of Montfort, who took control of Tyre, and Balian of Beirut, who continued to hold Acre.

Rumors about the Templars ' secret initiation ceremony created mistrust, and King Philip IV of France, deeply in debt to the Order, took advantage of the situation.

The same year, Philip IV " took the cross ", making the vow to go on a Crusade in the Levant, thus responding to Clement V's call.

At first the French and English crusaders travelled together, but the armies split at Lyon, as Richard decided to go by sea, and Philip took the overland route through the Alps to Genoa.

Then in 1202, disaffected patrons petitioned the French king to summon John to answer their charges in his capacity as John's feudal lord, and, when the English king refused to appear, Philip again took up the claims of Arthur, to whom he betrothed his six-year-old daughter, Marie.

Due to pressure from the Pope and from Ingeborg's brother, King Valdemar II of Denmark ( ruled 1202 – 41 ), Philip finally took Isambour back as his Queen in 1213.

After the death of Elisabeth of Valois, Philip II took a special interest in Anguissola's future.

A well-known one took place between Steven Weinberg and Philip Anderson.

* December 11 – A surprise attack by forces under the command of the Duke of Savoy and his brother-in-law, Philip III of Spain, is repelled by the citizens of Geneva ( This actually took place after midnight, in the early morning of December 12, but commemorations / celebrations on Fête de l ' Escalade are usually held on December 11 or the closest weekend ).

The Dutch took over Malacca from the Portuguese in 1641 while Spain began to colonize the Philippines ( named after Philip II of Spain ) from 1560s.

They could also do little to halt Philip when he turned his armies south and took over most of Thessaly.

According to Roger of Wendover, William was present at Gisors in France in 1188 when Henry II of England and Philip II of France agreed to go on crusade: " Thereupon the king of the English first took the sign of the cross at the hands of the Archbishop of Rheims and William of Tyre, the latter of whom had been entrusted by our lord the pope with the office of legate in the affairs of the crusade in the western part of Europe.

After they took the Greek cities of Asia from Troy to the Maiandros river, Philip was assassinated and his campaign was suspended while his heir consolidated his control of Macedonia and the rest of Greece.

It took the intervention of Isabella's father, Philip IV, before Edward began to provide for her more appropriately.

The onset of " rebranding " of Philip Morris Companies to Altria took place in 2003 ( Philip Morris would later split, with PM USA remaining Altria's primary and only consistently held asset ).