* Wills, Jr., John E. Mountain of Fame: Portraits in Chinese History ( 1994 ) excerpt and text search 20 essays on leading figures across 4000 years

The Chinese Cultural Revolution: A History ( 2008 ), a favorable look at artistic production excerpt and text search

Chinese History in Economic Perspective, University of California Press, 1992 complete text online free

He puts the greatest emphasis on the importance of study, and it is the Chinese character for study () that opens the text.

This formulary was also the earliest Chinese medical text to group symptoms into clinically useful " patterns " ( zheng 證 ) that could serve as targets for therapy.

The first systematic Chinese historical text, Shiji or Records of the Grand Historian, was written by Sima Qian.

* Wengu text database ( Classic of Poetry, Analects of Confucius, Tao Te Ching, and I Ching, in Chinese and translations )

* Chinese classic text online

The Tao Te Ching, Daodejing, or Dao De Jing ( 道德經: 道 dào " way "; 德 dé " virtue "; 經 jīng " classic " or " book ") also simply referred to as the Laozi, is a Chinese classic text.

The text is fundamental to both philosophical and religious Taoism ( Daojia,, Pinyin: Dàojiā ; Daojiao,, Pinyin: Dàojiào ) and strongly influenced other schools, such as Legalism, Confucianism and Chinese Buddhism, which when first introduced into China was largely interpreted through the use of Daoist words and concepts.

The received Tao Te Ching is a short text of around 5, 000 Chinese characters in 81 brief chapters or sections ().

Many translations are written by people with a foundation in Chinese language and philosophy who are trying to render the original meaning of the text as faithfully as possible into English.

Critics of these versions, such as Taoism scholar Eugene Eoyang, claim that translators like Stephen Mitchell produce readings of the Tao Te Ching that deviate from the text and are incompatible with the history of Chinese thought.

Chinese calligraphic influence had been weakened after the Heian period ; this text was an example of the different way it was evolving in Japan.

A Chinese alchemical text dated 492 noted saltpeter burnt with a purple flame, providing a practical and reliable means of distinguishing it from other inorganic salts, thus enabling alchemists to evaluate and compare purification techniques ; the earliest Arabic and Latin accounts of saltpeter purification are dated after 1200.

The foundational text of Chinese medicine is the Huangdi neijing, or Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon, which is composed of two books: the Suwen 素問 (" Basic Questions ") and the Lingshu 靈樞 (" Divine Pivot ").

This text and its thirty-three manifestations of Guanyin, of which seven are female manifestations, is known to have been very popular in Chinese Buddhism as early as in the Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty.

The famous 14th century Chinese text of the Huolongjing, which was the first to describe hollow cast iron cannonball shells filled with gunpowder, was also the first to describe the invention of the land mine in greater detail than references found in texts written beforehand.

However, further description of how this flint device operated was not made until a Chinese text of 1606 AD revealed that a weight drive ( common in medieval clockworks ) had been used to work the ' steel wheel '.

The Khitan, however, had two scripts of their own and many Mongolic words are found in their half-deciphered writings that are usually found with a parallel Chinese text ( for example, nair = sun, sair = moon, tau = five, jau = hundred, m. r = horse, im. a = goat, n. q = dog, m. ng = silver, ju. un = summer, n. am. ur = autumn, u. ul = winter, heu. ur = spring, tau. l. a = rabbit, t. q. a = hen and m. g. o = snake ).

However, some written languages like Chinese, Japanese and Thai do not mark word boundaries in such a fashion, and in those languages text segmentation is a significant task requiring knowledge of the vocabulary and morphology of words in the language.

According to his imprinting text, he had drawn his maps using about twenty foreign charts and mappae mundi ( Arab, Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, Indian and Greek ) including one of Christopher Columbus.

This text also mentioned the use of the first known multistage rocket, the ' fire-dragon issuing from the water ' ( huo long chu shui ), used mostly by the Chinese navy.

Many visual effects are possible, and the SVG specification automatically handles bidirectional text ( for composing a combination of English and Arabic text, for example ), vertical text ( as Chinese was historically written ) and characters along a curved path ( such as the text around the edge of the Great Seal of the United States ).

The standard modern edition of the Buddhist Chinese canon is the Taisho Tripitaka, redacted during the 1920s in Japan, consisting of eighty-five volumes of writings which, in addition to numerous Mahāyāna texts, both canonical and not, also include Āgama collections, several versions of the vinaya, abhidharma and tantric writings.

In traditional Chinese scholarship, the standard Peng interpretation was the " equality theory " of Guo Xiang ( d. 312 CE ), who redacted and annotated the received Zhuangzi text.

A more general binomial theorem and the so-called " Pascal's triangle " were known in the 10th-century A. D. to Indian mathematician Halayudha and Persian mathematician Al-Karaji, in the 11th century to Persian poet and mathematician Omar Khayyam, and in the 13th century to Chinese mathematician Yang Hui, who all derived similar results .< ref > Al-Karaji also provided a mathematical proof of both the binomial theorem and Pascal's triangle, using mathematical induction.

* 1978 – The pivotal Third Plenum of the 11th National Congress of the Communist Party of China is held in Beijing, with Deng Xiaoping reversing Mao-era policies to pursue a program for Chinese economic reform.

* Shen Kuo-an 11th century Chinese statesman who wrote a theory of land formation involving mineralogy

Although the Neijing has long been attributed to the mythical Yellow Emperor ( twenty-7th century BC ), Chinese scholars started doubting this attribution as early as the 11th century and now usually date the Neijing to the late Warring States period ( 5th century-221 BC ).

This work was revisited by an imperial commission during the 11th century, and the result is our best extant representation of the foundational roots of traditional Chinese medicine.

The designation " Mongol " briefly appeared in 8th century records of the Chinese Tang dynasty, describing a tribe of Shiwei, and resurfaced again in the late 11th century during the rule of Khitan.

Celadon statue of an imperial guardian lion of the Chinese Song Dynasty, 11th or 12th century.

A Scholar in a Meadow, Chinese Song Dynasty, 11th century.

** The pivotal Third Plenum of the 11th National Congress of the Communist Party of China is held in Beijing, with Deng Xiaoping reversing Mao-era policies to pursue a program for Chinese economic reform.

* The Song Dynasty Chinese military has one million registered soldiers, an increase since the turn of the 11th century when the Song military only had nine hundred thousand soldiers.

* The Chinese governmental minister Wang Zhen ( official ) invents wooden movable type printing ( Bi Sheng invented ceramic movable type in the 11th century ).

Lapis lazuli has also been identified in Chinese paintings from the 10th and 11th centuries, in Indian mural paintings from the 11th, 12th, and 17th centuries, and on Anglo-Saxon and Norman illuminated manuscripts from c. 1100.

The " Yang Hui's triangle " was known in China in the early 11th century by the Chinese mathematician Jia Xian ( 1010 – 1070 ).

On the other side of the city, the 11th Company of the 45th Regiment encountered some 20, 000 Chinese soldiers who were making their way from Xiakuan.

Scholar in a Meadow, Chinese painting of the 11th century

On the other side of the city, the 11th Company of the 45th Regiment encountered some 20, 000 Chinese troops who were making their way from Xiakuan.

As the 11th month of the Chinese calendar must contain the Winter Solstice, it is not the month from November 23, 1984 to December 21, 1984 as per the Vietnamese calendar, but rather the one from December 22, 1984 to January 20, 1985.

The Chinese also used the gnomon, mentioned in the 2nd century Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art as being used much earlier by the Duke of Zhou ( 11th century BC ).

The area of modern Zhejiang was outside the major sphere of influence of early Chinese civilization during the Shang Dynasty ( 16th to 11th century BC ).

Later in 11th century, Korean envoys brought along Korean folding fans which were of Japanese origin as gifts to Chinese court.

Jiangxi was outside the sphere of influence of early Chinese civilization during the Shang Dynasty ( 16th to 11th centuries BC ).

Ecliptical mountings of this sort were found on the armillary instruments of Zhou Cong and Shu Yijian in 1050, as well as Shen Kuo's armillary sphere of the later 11th century, but after that point they were no longer employed on Chinese armillary instruments until the arrival of the European Jesuits.

Image: Song Dynasty Porcelain, Lacquerware, Stoneware. jpg | Chinese ding-ware porcelain bottle ( far left ) with iron-tinted pigment under a transparent colorless glaze, 11th century, Song Dynasty