After Thomas Aquinas wrote his theology, working from Moerbeke's translations, the demand for Aristotle's writings grew and the Greek manuscripts returned to the West, stimulating a revival of Aristotelianism in Europe that continued into the Renaissance.

Some of the ideas of the Italian Renaissance did spread to other parts of Europe, for example to the German artist Albrecht Dürer of the ' Northern Renaissance '.

But by the 1500s Mannerism had overtaken the Renaissance and it was this style that caught on in Europe.

Baroque Art emerged in Europe around 1600, as a reaction against the intricate and formulaic Mannerist style which dominated the Late Renaissance.

Knowledge of Arabic texts started to become imported into Europe during the Latin translations of the 12th century, the effect of which was to help initiate the European Renaissance.

His prints established his reputation across Europe when he was still in his twenties, and he has been conventionally regarded as the greatest artist of the Northern Renaissance ever since.

With the Renaissance, tyrannicide — or assassination for personal or political reasons — became more common again in Western Europe.

The Renaissance saw important changes to both the theory and practice of brassmaking in Europe.

The collection was in the tradition of a schatzkammer or treasure house such as those formed by the Renaissance princes of Europe.

A negative view of Herodotus was passed on to Renaissance Europe, though he remained well read.

The philology of Greek survived in the Byzantine Empire until the fall of Constantinople, and was re-introduced in Western Europe in the Renaissance.

It was especially important for preserving in its libraries manuscripts of Greek and Latin authors throughout a period when instability and disorder caused their mass-destruction in western Europe and north Africa: On the city's fall, thousands of these were brought by refugees to Italy, and played a key part in stimulating the Renaissance, and the transition to the modern world.

The cupola is a development during the Renaissance of the oculus, an ancient device found in Roman architecture, but being weatherproof was superior for the wetter climates of northern Europe.

Architects of the Renaissance and the Baroque periods in Europe based their rules on Vitruvius ' writings.

The Renaissance in Europe ushered in a new age of scientific and intellectual inquiry and appreciation of ancient Greek and Roman civilizations.

* Vulgar Latin and Late Latin among the uneducated and educated populations respectively of the Roman empire and the states that followed it in the same range no later than 900 AD ; medieval Latin and Renaissance Latin among the educated populations of western, northern, central and part of eastern Europe until the rise of the national languages in that range, beginning with the first language academy in Italy in 1582 / 83 ; new Latin written only in scholarly and scientific contexts by a small minority of the educated population at scattered locations over all of Europe ; ecclesiastical Latin, in spoken and written contexts of liturgy and church administration only, over the range of the Roman Catholic Church.

However, " his plays continued to be applauded even after those of Aeschylus and Sophocles had come to seem remote and irrelevant ", they became school classics in the Hellenistic period ( as mentioned in the introduction ) and, due to Seneca's adaptation of his work for Roman audiences, " it was Euripides, not Aeschylus or Sophocles, whose tragic muse presided over the rebirth of tragedy in Renaissance Europe.

The Renaissance saw the continuation of interest in magic that had been found in the Mediaeval period, and in this period, there was an increased interest in Hermeticism amongst occultists and ceremonial magicians in Europe, largely fuelled by the 1471 translation of the ancient Corpus hermeticum into Latin by Marsilio Ficino ( 1433 – 1499 ).

The galliard ( gaillarde in French ; gagliarda in Italian ) was a form of Renaissance dance and music popular all over Europe in the 16th century.

* Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City " The Function of Armor in Medieval and Renaissance Europe.

Beginning roughly in the 14th century in Florence, and later spreading through Europe with the development of printing press, a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology, with the rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge.

A History of Modern Europe: From the Renaissance to the Present ( 3rd ed.

Around the transition from the 15th to the 16th century, Albrecht Dürer from Nuremberg established his reputation across Europe as painter, printmaker, mathematician, engraver, and theorist when he was still in his twenties and secured his reputation as one of the most important figures of the Northern Renaissance.

It is notable that the arrival of the Ambivalent mode of child-rearing preceded the start of the Renaissance ( mid 14th century ) by only one or two generations, and the arrival of the Socializing mode coincided with the Age of Enlightenment, which began in the late 18th century.

In a similar way, the French Renaissance author Jean Lemaire de Belges ( in his Les Illustrations de Gaule et Singularités de Troie ) linked the founding of Celtic Gaul to the arrival of the Trojan " Francus " ( i. e. Astyanax ), the son of Hector ; and of Celtic Germany to the arrival of " Bavo ", the cousin of Priam ; in this way he established an illustrious genealogy for Pepin and Charlemagne ( the legend of " Francus " would also serve as the basis for Ronsard's epic poem, " La Franciade ").

Just a few months after his arrival he began to produce illustrations for both The Crisis and Opportunity, the two most important magazines associated with the Harlem Renaissance.

But, while the wind of the Renaissance was starting to blow around Rome, another event changed deeply the destiny of the rione: the arrival of the Jews.

In 1642, the Renaissance saw the invention of the mechanical calculator by the famous intellectual Blaise Pascal, a device that will eventually perform all four arithmetic operations without relying on human intelligence.

During the Renaissance the dynamics of the Mechanical Powers, as the simple machines were called, began to be studied from the standpoint of how much useful work they could perform, leading eventually to the new concept of mechanical work.

During the Renaissance the dynamics of the Mechanical Powers, as the simple machines were called, began to be studied from the standpoint of how much useful work they could perform, leading eventually to the new concept of mechanical work.

Since the late Renaissance, artists and inventors had been looking for a mechanical method of capturing visual scenes.

1290 – 1333 ), were copied by European scholars and provided direct inspiration for the illustrations of mechanical devices which are attributed to the Italian Renaissance polymaths Taccola ( 1382 – 1453 ) and Leonardo da Vinci ( 1452 – 1519 ).

When Ludwig Wittgenstein ( 1889 – 1951 ), Austrian-British philosopher and mathematician, moving from Berlin to England, began studying mechanical engineering in 1908, he was highly influenced by his reading of Renaissance technical treatises, particularly Veranzio's Machinae Novae.

At the turn to the Renaissance, Gutenberg ’ s invention of mechanical printing made possible a dissemination of knowledge to a wider population, that would not only lead to a gradually more egalitarian society, but one more able to dominate other cultures, drawing from a vast reserve of knowledge and experience.

The exterior facade is accessed by a marble staircase ; it has a Renaissance portal and three clocks: two mechanical and one a sundial.

The Middle High German is conventionally taken to end in 1350, while the Early New High German is taken to begin with the German Renaissance, after the invention of movable type in the mid-15th century.

Though availability of paper and the invention of metal movable type sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century, the changes of the Renaissance were not uniformly experienced across Europe.

The movable nature of the tied-on frets permits the viol player to make adjustments to the tempering of the instrument, and some players and consorts adopt meantone temperaments, which are arguably more suited to Renaissance music.

* Motovun was also the birthplace in 1495 of prominent Renaissance Italian music printer Andrea Antico, famous as the inventor of the first movable wooden types for printing musical scores.

The Renaissance humanist artist Albrecht Dürer memorialized Jerome's courage in electing to use a more perfect analogical type of Christ's am the Vine you are the branches " in his woodcut Saint Jerome in His Study.

This produced a smoother and more consonant type of polyphony which we now consider to be definitive of late Renaissance music, given Palestrina's position as Europe's leading composer ( along with Lassus ) in the wake of Josquin ( d. 1521 ).

As Pope Leo X ( 1513 – 21 ) indicates the manner in which the Papacy might have been reconciled with the Renaissance had the Reformation never taken place, so Ganganelli exemplifies the type of Pope which the modern world might have learned to accept if the movement towards free thought could, as Voltaire wished, have been confined to the aristocracy of intellect.

The side-sword was a type of war sword used by infantry during the Renaissance of Europe.

During the Renaissance, sacred choral music was the principal type of formally notated music in Western Europe.

This model was widely imitated, reflecting the enormous cultural power of Florence in this age ; " he Renaissance was hypnotized by one city type which for a century and a half — from Filarete to Scamozzi — was impressed upon utopian schemes: this is the star-shaped city ".

Ballet is a type of performance dance, that originated in the Italian Renaissance courts of the 15th century, and which was further developed in France and Russia as a concert dance form.

The modern italic type ampersand is a kind of et-ligature that goes back to the cursive scripts developed during the Renaissance.

Although Country dancing is often considered a type of folk dancing, its original base of dancers was from the more educated and wealthy classes of the Renaissance.

A longsword ( also spelled long sword, long-sword ) is a type of European sword characterized as having a cruciform hilt with a grip for two handed use and a straight double-edged blade of around Current during the late medieval and Renaissance periods, approximately 1350 to 1550 ( with early and late use reaching into the 13th and 17th centuries ).

During the first half of the 20th century, the term " bastard sword " was used regularly to refer to this type of sword, while " long sword " or " long-sword ", if used at all, referred to the rapier ( in the context of Renaissance or Early Modern fencing ).

The way in which the word state came to acquire this modern type of meaning during the Renaissance has been the subject of many academic discussions, with this sentence and similar ones in the works of Machiavelli being considered particularly important.

* The Madonna enthroned is a type of image that dates from the Byzantine period and was used widely in Medieval and Renaissance times.

In Renaissance painting, particularly High Renaissance painting, the saints may be grouped informally in a type of composition known as a Sacra conversazione.

* The Adoring Madonna is a type popular during the Renaissance.

The leading publisher and printer of the Venetian High Renaissance, Aldus set up a definite scheme of book design, produced the first italic type, introduced small and handy pocket editions ( octavos ) of the classics, and applied several innovations in binding technique and design for use on a broad scheme.

Although oval domes have been dated at least as far back as the Middle Ages, many Renaissance and Baroque domes are of this type, notably those of Bernini and Borromini.

In Northern Italy the High Renaissance represented by the religious paintings of Giovanni Bellini which include several large altarpieces of a type known as " Sacred Conversation " which show a group of saints around the enthroned Madonna.

This wood carving of a " foliate head " type is on the Renaissance rood screen | screen at Dore Abbey.

This richly decorated and gracefully classical doorframe is arguably the finest example of the type done in the first half of the fifteenth century and it is certainly one of the most sumptuously elegant of the entire Renaissance.

Judging by the pattern of succession of games during the Renaissance, it is to be noted that many of the card games played throughout Europe, ascended in popularity to be later replaced by another type of game, again brought into England by the court gamester of that time.