During the 1920s and the 1930s, Stalin fought and defeated the political influence of Leon Trotsky and of the Trotskyists in Russia, by means of slander, anti-Semitism, programmed censorship, expulsions, exile ( internal and external ), and imprisonment.

Sergei Yushenkov, whose Liberal Russia party voted against the change, was quoted by Reuters as saying: " On a wave of emotion, we have in fact legitimised censorship and practically banned criticism of the authorities in emergency situations.

Despite Tsarist censorship proscribing " the harmful doctrines of socialism and communism ", the Russian censors considered Capital as a " strictly scientific work " of political economy the content of which did not apply to monarchic Russia, where " capitalist exploitation " had never occurred, and was officially dismissed, given that " that very few people in Russia will read it, and even fewer will understand it "; nonetheless, Karl Marx acknowledged that Russia was the country where Capital " was read and valued more than anywhere.

The First Violin Concerto was composed during the post-war years in Soviet Russia ( 1947 – 48 ), a time of severe censorship.

Nicholas I of Russia still reigned at the time of his birth and his government exercised censorship and other controls over education, publishing, and all manifestations of public life.

Due to the strict censorship of the period, Granovsky assumed that lecturing provided a surer way of disseminating Western ideals in Russia than writing.

More recently, the chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, `` admitted '' to a news conference in Las Vegas, Nevada, that the US might fall behind Russia ( he apparently meant in weapons development ) if the Soviets continue to test in the atmosphere while we abstain.

This meant that some of the social problems associated with the industrial process ( such as those seen in England ) were diminished via control of the administration, but other problems arose due to the marked cultural differences between Russia and the Grand Duchy.

The Left Communist Bolsheviks likely believed that the Germans would seize the opportunity to make a separate peace with Russia ( even on moderate terms ) so that they would have an opportunity to defeat France and Great Britain before the Americans arrived, even if this meant they would have to settle for less generous terms.

The treaty meant that Bolshevist Russia renounced territorial claims to Estonia " for all time ".

# The Quadruple Alliance of March 1813 ( renewed on November 20, 1815 ); between the United Kingdom, Austria, Prussia, and Russia, aimed at upholding the settlement following the Napoleonic Wars: with France's admission in 1818, it became the Quintuple Alliance, though British government distaste for the other allies ' reactionary policies meant that it lapsed into ineffectiveness after the mid-1820s.

From 1727 to 1750 prince Adolf Frederick was prince-bishop of Lübeck ( which meant the rulership of a fief around and including Eutin ), and administrator of Holstein-Kiel during the minority of his nephew, Duke Charles Peter Ulrich, afterwards Peter III of Russia.

During the following years he successfully fought Russia in the Livonian War, concluded by the Treaty of Plussa in 1583, a war that meant a Swedish reconquest of Narva.

In Orthodox Russia too, when Peter I the Great assumed the Byzantine imperial titles Imperator and Autokrator, instead of the ' merely ' royal Tsar, the idea in founding the Russian Holy Synod was to put an end to the old Imperium in imperio of the free Church, by substituting the synod for the all too independent Patriarch of Moscow, who had become almost a rival of the Tsars — Peter meant to unite all authority in himself, over Church as well as State: through his Ober-Procurator and synod, the Emperor ruled his Church as absolutely as his army and navy through their respective ministries ; he appointed its members ( mostly bishops ) just as his generals ; and the Russian Government continued his policy until the end of the empire in 1917.

Following the takeover of Russia by the Communists, they created a special " Jewish affairs section " run by Jews known as the Yevsektsiya, which instigated anti-religious activities meant to strip orthodox Jews of their religious way of life.

This meant that there would be less need to encourage revolutions in advanced Western countries in the hope that a Socialist Germany ( for example ) would later give Russia the economic base needed to construct a socialist society.

For example, although Empress Catherine II of Russia entirely rejected the concept of the social contract, she took up many ideas of the Enlightenment, being a great patron of the arts in Imperial Russia and incorporating many ideas of enlightened philosophes, especially Montesquieu, in her Nakaz, which was meant to revise Russian law.

The original core of the CP believed that the triumph of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia meant that the revolution was at hand in the West as well.

However, Poland's geographical position between Germany and Russia had meant much fighting and terrific human and material losses for the Poles between 1914 and 1918.

Large areas of Russia were outside the Bolsheviks ' control, and poor communications meant that even those regions loyal to the Bolshevik government often had to act on their own, lacking any orders or central coordination from Moscow.

In a statement read out in open court, the Guardian accepted that granting him political asylum in 2003 meant that the British government had concluded that there were no " serious reasons for considering that he has committed a serious non-political crime " in Russia.

This meant that when Checheno-Ingushetia declared independence from Russia in November 1991, the Ingush would decide to withdraw, not because they did not want independence, but because a state boundary splitting them from Prigorodny would put it out of their reach.

In Imperial Russia, Pan-Slavism meant the creation of a unified Slavic state under Russian direction – essentially a byword for Russian conquest of the Balkan peninsula.

Russia was meant to be the first country outside China to receive the Perla, but with the 1. 4 L Fire 8v engine with and the Speedgear transmission.

This version of the character is a Russian super soldier, codename " Captain Russia ", meant to be their Captain America.

Gedenschtrom found himself in the third category, which meant he could never again be admitted to hold any public posts and had to be banished to an inner guberniya ( European Russia ).

Canada, since the fall of the Soviet Union, arguably, is also an economic, although not, political, client state of the U. S. Soviet forces would have, in some scenarios, had to cross Canadian territory and fly through Canadian airspace in order to reach the U. S. Russia viewed Canada more favourably and with less belligerence than the U. S. ( particularly after the Avro Arrow and Bomarc missile affairs -- which, in essence, meant that Canada was no longer, independently of the U. S., a military threat to the U. S. S. R. after 1972 ).

In October 1999 a compromise was reached that saw Russia pay US $ 285m for 11 aircraft and 575 missiles, whilst the rest were meant to be destroyed under a US-funded disarmament programme.

The mourning for the tsar meant there would be no performances in the capital ; in addition the political climate of Russia turned sharply against the Jews.

George Kennan's account of relations between Russia and the West from the fall of Tsarism to the end of World War 2, is the finest piece of diplomatic history that has appeared in many years.

With the beginning of the slow decline of the Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century, and as a result of the expansionist policies of Czarist Russia in the Caucasus, many Muslim nations and groups in that region, mainly Circassians, Tatars, Azeris, Lezgis, Chechens, and several Turkic groups left their ancestral homelands and settled in Anatolia.

Alexander has been the name of many rulers, including kings of Macedon, kings of Scotland, emperors of Russia and popes.

There are also immigrants from other countries such as Romania, Russia, Ukraine and Morocco, many of whom are under illegal alien status and therefore are not accounted for in official population figures.

Most major powers repudiated Cold War assassination tactics, though many allege that this was merely a smokescreen for political benefit and that covert and illegal training of assassins continues today, with Russia, Israel, the U. S., Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and other nations accused of still regularly engaging in such operations.

Reaction to the withdrawal by both the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China was much milder than many had predicted, following months of discussion with both Russia and China aimed at convincing both that development of a National Missile Defense was not directed at them.

In the 1820s, the Russian-American Company, which administered a large portion of the North Pacific during a Russian led expansion of the fur trade, resettled many families to the Commander Islands ( currently, within the Aleutsky District of the Kamchatka Krai in Russia ) and to the Pribilof Islands ( currently in Alaska ), where there are currently established majority Aleut communities.

Germany and its allies infected French cavalry horses and many of Russia ’ s mules and horses on the Eastern Front.

' Just think how rich they are, how many Pasternaks they have -- as many as there were Pushkins in the Russia of Tsar Nicholas ... Not much has changed.

" The unique outlook which polyethnic Russia exhibited to its ally Ethiopia disturbed many supporters of European nationalism during the twentieth century.

Like many Prussian officers serving in Russia, he joined the Russian-German Legion in 1813.

In eastern Europe, Russia, and out onto the steppes, cavalry remained important much longer and dominated the scene of warfare until the early 17th century and even beyond, as the strategic mobility of cavalry was crucial for the semi-nomadic pastoralist lives that many steppe cultures led.

Today there are many parties in Russia claiming to be the successors of CPSU.

Since the USSR's collapse, Russia faced many problems that free market proponents in 1992 did not expect.

Nationalist composers emerged in Central Europe, Russia, Scandinavia, Spain and Britain: the music of Dvorak, Smetana, Grieg, Rimsky-Korsakov, Brahms, Liszt, de Falla, Wagner, Sibelius, Vaughan Williams, Bartók and many others drew upon folk melodies.

Because of the large local market for films in Russia, the industry there was not harmed by the war at first, although the isolation of the country led many Russian films to develop peculiarly distinctive features.

Additionally, many of the performers, producers, directors and other artists of pre-Soviet Russia, had fled the country or were moving ahead of the Red Army forces as they pushed further and further south into what remained of the Russian Empire.

The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan has close and friendly relations with a number of countries around the world, including: the United States, Japan, Germany, Turkey, India, China, Canada, Russia, United Arab Emirates and many others.

It's said that the Dutch Tricolor has inspired many flags but most notably those of Russia, New York City, and South Africa ( the 1928 – 94 flag as well the current flag ).

* The flag of Russia, the source for the Pan-Slavic colors red, white and blue, adopted by many Slavic states and peoples as their symbols.

This was a remarkable step in Russia of the time – which was very backward economically and socially, and where many conservative attitudes towards sexuality prevailed.

After Napoleon's fiasco in Russia in 1812, including the deaths of many Germans in his invasion army, Prussia joined with Russia.

For many years the United States produced over 90 % of commercially usable helium in the world, while extraction plants in Canada, Poland, Russia, and other nations produced the remainder.