Although the Bolshevik leadership decided to form a separate party, convincing pro-Bolshevik workers within Russia to follow suit proved difficult.

* Twenty Years in Underground Russia: Memoirs of a Rank-and-File Bolshevik, by Cecilia Bobrovskaya

After the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, at the age of 22, Vertov began editing for Kino-Nedelya (, the Moscow Cinema Committee's weekly film series, and the first newsreel series in Russia ), which first came out in June 1918.

In 1917, Mussolini as leader of the Fasci of Revolutionary Action praised the October Revolution that brought Vladimir Lenin and the Bolshevik movement to power in Russia, as Mussolini himself desired a revolution in Italy to bring the Fascists to power.

A major event that greatly influenced the development of fascism was the October Revolution of 1917 in which Bolshevik communists led by Vladimir Lenin seized power in Russia.

To that end, they had arranged for the safe conduct of Lenin and his comrades from exile in Switzerland to Petrograd in April 1917, and financed the Bolshevik party, believing Lenin to be the most powerful weapon they could use against Russia.

Building Socialism in Bolshevik Russia.

* 1918 – Ukraine declares independence from Bolshevik Russia.

* 1918 – Emperor Nicholas II of Russia and his immediate family and retainers are murdered by Bolshevik Chekists at the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg, Russia.

However, he was refused entry to Russia and went on to Stockholm and produced the journals Russische Korrespondenz-Pravda and Bote der Russischen Revolution to publish Bolshevik documents and Russian information in German.

Furthermore, council communists held a critique of the Soviet Union as a capitalist state, believing that the Bolshevik revolution in Russia became a " bourgeois revolution " when a party bureaucracy replaced the old feudal aristocracy.

Nevertheless, the circumstances of the Red vs. White Russian Civil War, and terrorism by the opposing political parties, and in aid of the White Armies ' counter-revolution, led to the Bolshevik government banning other parties ; thus, the vanguard party became the sole, legal political party in Russia.

Li authored a series of articles in New Youth on the subject of the October Revolution which had just occurred in Russia, during which the communist Bolshevik Party under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin ( 1870 – 1924 ) had seized power.

Bolshevik emigres briefly poured into Russia to take part in the revolution.

A key aspect that affected the Bolshevik regime was the backward economic conditions in Russia that were considered unfavourable to orthodox Marxist theory of communist revolution.

* 1917 – Joseph Stalin enters the provisional government of Bolshevik Russia.

The very first politburo was created in Russia by the Bolshevik Party in 1917 to provide strong and continuous leadership during the Russian Revolution occurring during the same year.

To end Russia ’ s participation in the First World War, the Bolshevik leaders signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany in March 1918.

On July 17, 1918, Bolshevik authorities acting on Yakov Sverdlov orders in Moscow and led locally by Filip Goloschekin and Yakov Yurovsky, shot Nicholas II, his immediate family, and four servants in the cellar of the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg, Russia.

While resistance to the Red Guard began on the very next day after the Bolshevik uprising, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and the political ban became a catalyst for the formation of anti-Bolshevik groups both inside and outside Russia, pushing them into action against the new regime.

Examples are Ashenden or: the British Agent ( 1928 ) by W. Somerset Maugham, about counter-revolutionary British espionage against Bolshevik Russia, and The Mystery of Tunnel 51 ( 1928 ) by Alexander Wilson whose novels conveyed an uncanny portrait of the first head of the Secret Intelligence Service, Mansfield Smith-Cumming, the original ' C '.

Council communists described the Soviet Union as a capitalist state, believing that the Bolshevik revolution in Russia became a " bourgeois revolution " when a party bureaucracy replaced the old feudal aristocracy.

In April 1917 Germany allowed Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin to return to Russia from his exile in Switzerland, and offered him financial help.

The Decree called " upon all the belligerent nations and their governments to start immediate negotiations for peace " and proposed an immediate withdrawal of Russia from World War I. Leon Trotsky was appointed Commissar of Foreign Affairs in the new Bolshevik government.

In Russia the intellectuals of the " Populists " ( Narodnaya Volya ) and, later, the Socialist-Revolutionary Party developed a theoretical basis for a peasant movement, building a rich, well-developed humanistic ideology which influenced eastern Europe, especially the Balkans.

* Communist Party of Russia ( disambiguation )

The party ceased to exist after the coup d ' état attempt in 1991 and was succeeded by the Communist Party of the Russian Federation in Russia and the communist parties of the now-independent former Soviet republics.

A third and more radical group founded the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party or RSDLP in 1898 ; this party was the primary exponent of Marxism in Russia.

However others, pointing to Marx's encounter with late 19th-century Russian populism and Marx and Engels's preface to the second Russian edition of the Manifesto of the Communist Party ( 1882 ), have argued that Marx evinced a growing conviction in his late writings that revolution could in fact emerge first in Russia.

On his return to Russia Radek became the Secretary of the Comintern, taking the main responsibility for German issues, however, he was removed from this position after he supported the KPD in opposing inviting representatives of the Communist Workers ' Party of Germany to attend the 2nd Congress of the Comintern, pitting him against the Comintern's executive and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

The Peace Party, however, had its own armed forces – scattered bands of household troops ( Hofleute ) under diverse command, which only united in action in 1565 ( Battle of Pärnu, 1565 and Siege of Reval, 1565 ), in 1570 – 1571 ( Siege of Reval, 1570-1571 ; 30 weeks ), and in 1574 – 1576 ( first on Sweden ’ s side, then came the sale of Wiek to the Danish Crown, and the loss of the territory to Tsardom of Russia ).

In post – Revolutionary Russia, Stalinism ( Socialism in one country ) and Trotskyism ( Permanent world revolution ) were the principal philosophies of Communism that claimed legitimate ideological descent from Leninism ' thus, within the Communist Party, each ideological faction denied the political legitimacy of the opposing faction.

In September 2008, Gorbachev and billionaire Alexander Lebedev announced they would form the Independent Democratic Party of Russia, and in May 2009 Gorbachev announced that the launch was imminent.

This was Gorbachev's third attempt to establish a political party, having started the Social Democratic Party of Russia in 2001 and the Union of Social-Democrats in 2007.

The newly created Social Democratic parties were generally larger and more powerful than the remaining communist parties ; only in Russia, Moldova, and the Czech Republic did the Communist Party remain a significant force.

Leading political parties in Russia include United Russia, the Communist Party, the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, and A Just Russia.

During 1992 Yeltsin and his reforms came under increasing attack by former Communist Party of the Soviet Union members and officials, extreme nationalists, and others calling for reform to be slowed or even halted in Russia.

Thus Lenin remained the enfant terrible of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, although in this point in the war his following in Russia was as little as 10 000 and he must have seemed no more than the leader of an extremist wing of a bankrupt organization.

** Shooting of the Romanov family: By order of the Bolshevik Party and carried out by the Cheka, Tsar Nicholas II, his wife Alexandra Feodorovna, their children, Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Alexei, and retainers are executed at the Ipatiev House in Ekaterinburg, Russia.

The scholar Kenneth Billingsley found that Trumbo wrote The Daily Worker about films which he said communist influence in Hollywood had prevented from being made: among them were proposed adaptations of Arthur Koestler's anti-totalitarian works Darkness at Noon and The Yogi and the Commissar, which described the rise of communism in Russia.

In 1875, Fedor Lösch described the first proven case of amoebic dysentery in St Petersburg, Russia.

Marinetti rejected conventional democracy for based on majority rule and egalitarianism while promoting a new form of democracy, that he described in his work " The Futurist Conception of Democracy " as the following: " We are therefore able to give the directions to create and to dismantle to numbers, to quantity, to the mass, for with us number, quantity and mass will never be — as they are in Germany and Russia — the number, quantity and mass of mediocre men, incapable and indecisive ".

In recent years, Russia has frequently been described in the media as an energy superpower.

Anton Gretzky has been described as having " been born in Russia with Ukrainian forebears ", while " the only Slavic language spoken in the Gretzky family Ukrainian ".

However, the concept of absolutism was so ingrained in Russia that the Russian Constitution of 1906 still described the Tsar as an autocrat.

These states were then described as deformed workers states in an analogy with the degenerated workers state in Russia.

Writing in The New York Times, Anthony Boucher – described by a Fleming biographer, John Pearson, as " throughout an avid anti-Bond and an anti-Fleming man " – was damning in his review, saying that From Russia, with Love was Fleming's " longest and poorest book ".

As the highest European mountain west of Russia, Mont Blanc holds a special allure for mountain climbers, and Mark Twight described the town as " the death-sport capital of the world " because it is a base for almost all types of outdoor activity, especially their more extreme variants, such as ice climbing, rock climbing, extreme skiing, paragliding, rafting, and canyoning.

During this time he served as a secret courier ; delivering communiques to and from the US embassy in Moscow at the request of Ambassador William Christian Bullitt, Jr., smuggling the messages in and out of Russia by taping a sealed envelope to his leg beneath his trousers, an event described in David Fromkin's 1995 book In the Time of the Americans.

In Russia he was described as keeping his teaching confined to a small circle, whereas in Paris and North America he gave numerous public demonstrations ..

Their first collaboration was the book In Russia ( 1969 ), which, together with Chinese Encounters ( 1979 ), described their travels and meetings in the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China.

Stravinsky has described The Rite of Spring as " a musical-choreographic work, pagan Russia ... unified by a single idea: the mystery and great surge of the creative power of Spring ".

He organised the 1984 Russia ( USSR ) vs Rest of the World match in London within two weeks, enabling the event to go ahead on time after the previous plans had fallen through, described by John Nunn as " a magnificent organisational achievement at such short notice.

In 2006 she described how, aged 74, she was held up at gunpoint and robbed while cycling in Russia.

Whilst most of the action appears to occur in Russia, a quick chronological analysis of the activities described in the books appears to show that the regiment depicted in the books fought in several places, hundreds of miles apart, at the same time.

The most important phase of his career opened in 1808, when the emperor Alexander I took him with him to the Congress of Erfurt and put him into direct communication with Napoleon, who described him as the only clear head in Russia and at the insistence of Alexander had many conversations with him on the question of Russian administrative reform.

From 1809 to 1812 Speransky was all-powerful in Russia, so far as any minister of a sovereign so suspicious and so unstable as Alexander could be so described.

Napoleon's crossing at the outset of the 1812 French invasion of Russia is described in War and Peace.

In nations described as authoritarian by most international think-tanks and NGOs like Human Rights Watch ( China, Cuba, Russia ), media ownership is generally something very close to the complete state control over information in direct or indirect ways ( see Gazprom Media ).

Kogarkoite was first described in 1973 for an occurrence on Alluaiv Mountain, Lovozero Massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia.

Due to its wide range, as many as ten subspecies have been described .< ref name = amano2002 > Currently, five distinct subspecies are recognized: P. h. hispida in the Arctic Ocean and Bering Sea, P. h. ochotensis in the Sea of Okhotsk, P. h. saimensis in Lake Saimaa in Finland, P. h. ladogensis in nearby Lake Ladoga in Russia and P. h.

According to Qing scholar Wei Yuan, 40 % of the 600, 000 Zunghar people were killed by smallpox, 20 % fled to Russia or Kazakh tribes, and 30 % were killed by the army, in what Clarke described as " the complete destruction of not only the Zunghar state but of the Zunghars as a people.