Jake Horner takes Jean-Paul Sartre's famous existentialist line, " Existence precedes essence ", saying " existence not only precedes essence: in the case of human beings it rather defies essence.

When he was twelve, Sartre's mother remarried, and the family moved to La Rochelle, where he was frequently bullied.

Perhaps the most decisive influence on Sartre's philosophical development was his weekly attendance at Alexandre Kojève's seminars, which continued for a number of years.

Later, while Sartre was labeled by some authors as a resistant, the French philosopher and resistant Vladimir Jankelevitch criticized Sartre's lack of political commitment during the German occupation, and interpreted his further struggles for liberty as an attempt to redeem himself.

The first period of Sartre's career, defined in large part by Being and Nothingness ( 1943 ), gave way to a second period -- when the world was perceived as split into communist and capitalist blocs -- of highly publicized political involvement.

Sartre portrayed his own pre-war situation in the character Mathieu, chief protagonist in The Age of Reason, which was completed during Sartre's first year as a soldier in the Second World War.

" Aside from the impact of Nausea, Sartre's major work of fiction was The Roads to Freedom trilogy which charts the progression of how World War II affected Sartre's ideas.

Hoping that his work would be picked up by Gallimard, the publishers of Jean-Paul Sartre's influential bestseller, Being and Nothingness ( 1943 ), he was perturbed when they rejected him, instead selecting Plon.

A prime example of the European tradition is Jean-Paul Sartre's Critique of Dialectical Reason, which is very different from the works of Popper, whose philosophy was for a time highly influential in the UK where he resided ( see below ).

In comparison to Sartre's concepts of the function of literature, Samuel Beckett's primary focus was on the failure of man to overcome " absurdity "; as James Knowlson says in Damned to Fame, Beckett's work focuses " on poverty, failure, exile and loss — as he put it, on man as a ' non-knower ' and as a ' non-can-er '.

" Beckett's own relationship with Sartre was complicated by a mistake made in the publication of one of his stories in Sartre's journal Les Temps Modernes.

The film was refused entry to the Cannes Film Festival because the director, Alain Resnais, had signed Jean-Paul Sartre's Manifesto of the 121 against the Algeria War.

One of Baker's first acting jobs, in 1970, was a supporting role in a BBC adaptation of Jean-Paul Sartre's trilogy The Roads to Freedom.

Sartre's overriding concern in writing Being and Nothingness was to demonstrate that free will exists.

Sartre's essay is clearly influenced by Heidegger though Sartre was profoundly skeptical of any measure by which humanity could achieve a kind of personal state of fulfillment comparable to the hypothetical Heideggerian re-encounter with Being.

Critique of Dialectical Reason was written in the wake of the rejection of Communism by leftist French intellectuals who also wanted to revive Marxism, a process that destroyed Sartre's friendship with Maurice Merleau-Ponty.

Existentialism was coined by Jean-Paul Sartre's statement that for human beings " existence precedes essence.

" In as much as " essence " is a cornerstone of all metaphysical philosophy and the grounding of Rationalism, Sartre's statement was a repudiation of the philosophical system that had come before him ( and, in particular, that of Husserl, Hegel, and Heidegger ).

Jean-Paul Sartre's atheism was foundational for his style of existentialist philosophy.

His greatest role was Mathieu in BBC2's 1970 adaptation of Jean-Paul Sartre's Roads to Freedom trilogy.

The trilogy was to be followed by a fourth novel, La dernière chance ( i. e. The Last Chance ); however, Sartre would never finish it: two chapters were published in 1949 in Sartre's magazine Les Temps modernes under the title Drôle d ' amitié.

The novels were written largely in response to the events of World War II and the Nazi occupation of France, and express certain significant shifts in Sartre's philosophical position towards ' engagement ' ( commitment ) in both life and literature, finding their resolution in the extended essay L ' existentialisme est un humanisme ( Existentialism is a Form of Humanism ), which was criticized from both sides of the existentialist fence.

This political dimension was developed in Sartre's later trilogy of novels, Les Chemins de la Liberté ( The Roads to Freedom ) ( 1945 – 1949 ), which concern a vicious circle of failure on the part of a thinking individual to progress effectively from thought to action.

* 1951: directed the première of Jean-Paul Sartre's The Devil and the Good Lord at the Théâtre-Antoine in Paris on 7 June.

Published in June 1967 under the title " Israel, fait colonial " ( Israel, a colonial fact ) in Jean-Paul Sartre's journal, Les Temps Modernes, Rodinson's article made him known as an advocate of the Palestinian cause.

Young Järegård on stage: with Margit Carlqvist in Jean-Paul Sartre's Fångarna på Altona ( The Condemned of Altona ), Gothenburg City Theatre, 1961.

Britain became a fertile ground for the further development of the existential approach when R. D. Laing and David Cooper, often associated with the anti-psychiatry movement, took Sartre's existential ideas as the basis for their work ( Laing, 1960, 1961 ; Cooper, 1967 ; Laing and Cooper, 1964 ).

According to Kołakowski, neither Sartre's view that freedom must be safeguarded in revolutionary organization nor his view that there will be perfect freedom when Communism has abolished shortages is new in a Marxist context, and Sartre fails to explain how either could have been brought about.

Early also enacts one of Sartre's central ideas, the concept of " bad faith ", when he denies his responsibility for his actions by claiming he is not free to do otherwise.

Simone de Beauvoir tries to base an ethics on Heidegger's and Sartre's writings ( The Ethics of Ambiguity ), where she highlights the need to grapple with ambiguity: " as long as philosophers and they have thought, most of them have tried to mask it ... And the ethics which they have proposed to their disciples has always pursued thre same goal.

Sartre, popularly understood as misreading Heidegger ( an understanding supported by Heidegger's essay " Letter on Humanism " which responds to Sartre's famous address, " Existentialism is a Humanism "), employs modes of being in an attempt to ground his concept of freedom ontologically by distinguishing between being-in-itself and being-for-itself.

In Sartre's The Flies, the Furies ( in the form of flies ) represent the morbid, strangling forces of neurotic guilt which bind us to authoritarian and totalitarian power.

Sartre's introduction to his philosophy is his work Existentialism is a Humanism ( 1946 ), originally presented as a lecture.

However, both Gide and Malraux were undecided, and this may have been the cause of Sartre's disappointment and discouragement.

Sartre's emphasis on the humanist values in the early works of Marx led to a dispute with a leading leftist intellectual in France in the 1960s, Louis Althusser, who claimed that the ideas of the young Marx were decisively superseded by the " scientific " system of the later Marx.

Sartre's physical condition deteriorated, partially because of the merciless pace of work ( and using drugs for this reason, i. e., amphetamine ) he put himself through during the writing of the Critique and a massive analytical biography of Gustave Flaubert ( The Family Idiot ), both of which remained unfinished.

While the broad focus of Sartre's life revolved around the notion of human freedom, he began a sustained intellectual participation in more public matters in 1945.

Sartre's philosophy lent itself to his being a public intellectual.

In Sartre's opinion, the " traditional bourgeois literary forms remain innately superior ", but there is " a recognition that the new technological ' mass media ' forms must be embraced " if Sartre's ethical and political goals as an authentic, committed intellectual are to be achieved: the demystification of bourgeois political practices and the raising of the consciousness, both political and cultural, of the working class.

Despite their similarities as polemicists, novelists, adapters, and playwrights, Sartre's literary work has been counterposed, often pejoratively, to that of Camus in the popular imagination.

In 1948 the Roman Catholic Church placed Sartre's oeuvre on the Index of prohibited books.

Some philosophers argue that Sartre's thought is contradictory.

Philosophers Richard Wollheim and Thomas Baldwin have argued that Sartre's attempt to show that Sigmund Freud's theory of the unconscious is mistaken is based on a misinterpretation of Freud.

* R. D. Laing and D. G. Cooper, Reason and Violence: A Decade of Sartre's Philosophy, 1950 – 1960, New York: Pantheon, 1971.