In every war of the United States since the Civil War the South was more belligerent than the rest of the country.

Thus, to cite but one example, the Pax Britannica of the nineteenth century, whether with the British navy ruling the seas or with the City of London ruling world finance, was strictly national in motivation, however much other nations ( e.g., the United States ) may have incidentally benefited.

National responsibility for individual welfare is a concept not limited to the United States or even to the Western nations.

( Since the time-span of the nation-state coincides roughly with the separate existence of the United States as an independent entity, it is perhaps natural for Americans to think of the nation as representative of the highest form of order, something permanent and unchanging.

In recent weeks, as a result of a sweeping defense policy reappraisal by the Kennedy Administration, basic United States strategy has been modified -- and large new sums allocated -- to meet the accidental-war danger and to reduce it as quickly as possible.

Its radar screens would register Soviet missiles shortly after they are launched against the United States.

In 1938, at the insistence of Arturo Toscanini, Steinberg left Germany for the United States, by way of Switzerland.

After he had spent the first three years in New York as associate conductor, at Toscanini's invitation, of the NBC Orchestra, he made numerous guest appearances throughout the United States and Latin America.

`` Then I return to the United States for engagements at the Hollywood Bowl and in Philadelphia '', he added.

The difference came down to this: The Southern States insisted that the United States was, in last analysis, what its name implied -- a Union of States.

`` we the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common Defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America ''.

The 140,414 Americans who gave `` the last full measure of devotion '' to prevent disunion, preserved individual freedom in the United States from the dangers of anarchy, inherent in confederations, which throughout history have proved fatal in the end to all associations composed primarily of sovereign states, and to the liberties of their people.

There one finds concentrated in a comparatively small area the chief universities, colleges, and preparatory schools of the United States.

The rise of the giant corporations in Western Europe and the United States dates from the period 1880-1900.

He says: `` beside the Protestant philosophy of Progress, as expressed in radical or conservative millenarianism, should be placed the doctrine of the democratic faith which affirmed it to be the duty of the destiny of the United States to assist in the creation of a better world by keeping lighted the beacon of democracy ''.

During the next five years liberal leaders in the United States sank in the cumulative confusion attendant upon and manifested in a negative policy of Containment -- and the bitterest irony -- enforced and enforceable only by threat of a weapon that we felt the greatest distaste for but could not abandon: the atom bomb.

And here again we hear the same refrain mentioned above: `` the paramount goal of the United States set long ago was to guard the rights of the individual, ensure his development, enlarge his opportunity ''.

`` I arrived in the United States with the idea of establishing myself there more or less permanently and finding inspiration for new compositions ''.

This is the good kind of sophistication, and with all our problems and crises this kind of sophistication has flowered in the United States during recent years.

but Wright stayed in the United States.

Some jurisdictions have specialized appellate courts, such as the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, which only hears appeals raised in criminal cases, and the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which has general jurisdiction but derives most of its caseload from patent cases, on the other hand, and appeals from the Court of Federal Claims on the other.

In the United States, both state and federal appellate courts are usually restricted to examining whether the lower court made the correct legal determinations, rather than hearing direct evidence and determining what the facts of the case were.

The mid-tier Federal Court of Appeal is a single court that sits and hears cases in multiple cities, and thus mid-tier decisions have precedential value throughout Canada ( that is, unlike the United States, Canada is not divided into appellate circuits ).

The Privy Council of the United Kingdom serves as the highest appellate court.

For example, in United States federal courts, the United States district courts have original jurisdiction over a number of different matters ( as mentioned above ), and the United States court of appeals have appellate jurisdiction over matters appealed from the district courts.

In the United States federal court system, the intermediate appellate courts are divided into " circuits ".

Precedent of a United States court of appeals may be overruled only by the court en banc, that is, a session of all the active appellate judges of the circuit, or by the United States Supreme Court.

The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council ( based in the United Kingdom ) serves as the highest appellate court.

The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council ( based in the United Kingdom ) serves as the highest appellate court.

* In the United States court system, the Supreme Court is the final authority on the interpretation of the federal Constitution and all statutes and regulations created pursuant to it, as well as the constitutionality of the various state laws ; in the US federal court system, federal cases are tried in trial courts, known as the US district courts, followed by appellate courts and then the Supreme Court.

The United States courts of appeals ( or circuit courts ) are the intermediate appellate courts of the United States federal court system.

The Federal Circuit was created in 1982 by the merger of the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals and the appellate division of the United States Court of Claims.

Some jurisdictions, notably the United States, prevent parties from relitigating the facts on appeal due to a history of unscrupulous lawyers deliberately reserving such issues ( the " invited error " problem ) in order to ambush each other in the appellate courts.

* Mark P. Painter – state appellate judge, United Nations appellate judge

In the context of mandamus from a United States Court of Appeals to a United States District Court, the Supreme Court has ruled that the appellate courts have discretion to issue mandamus to control an abuse of discretion by the lower court in unusual circumstances, where there is a compelling reason not to wait for an appeal from a final judgment.

One federal appellate court has upheld a state constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage: the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit in Citizens for Equal Protection v. Bruning.

The Court is unanimously of opinion, that the appellate power of the Supreme Court of the United States does not extend to this Court, under a sound construction of the Constitution of the United States ; that so much of the 25th section of the act of Congress to establish the judicial courts of the United States, as extends the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court to this Court, is not in pursuance of the Constitution of the United States ; that the writ of error in this cause was improvidently allowed under the authority of that act ; that the proceedings thereon in the Supreme Court were coram non judice in relation to this Court, and that obedience to its mandate be declined by the Court.

Examples of common law being replaced by statute or codified rule in the United States include criminal law ( since 1812, U. S. courts have held that criminal law must be embodied in statute if the public is to have fair notice ), commercial law ( the Uniform Commercial Code in the early 1960s ) and procedure ( the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in the 1930s and the Federal Rules of Evidence in the 1970s ).

VFR flight into IMC is distinct from " VFR-on-top ," an IFR procedure in which the aircraft operates above IMC but remains in contact with ATC, and " VFR over the top ," a VFR procedure in which the aircraft takes off and lands in VMC but flies above an intervening area of IMC, both of which are legal in the United States.

In addition, some countries — including Australia, Canada and the United States — have developed their own adaptations of ICD, with more procedure codes for classification of operative or diagnostic procedures.

The ICPM surgical procedures fascicle was originally created by the United States, based on its adaptations of ICD ( called ICDA ), which had contained a procedure classification since 1962.

International Classification of Diseases, Clinical Modification ( ICD-9-CM ) is an adaption created by the U. S. National Center for Health Statistics ( NCHS ) and used in assigning diagnostic and procedure codes associated with inpatient, outpatient, and physician office utilization in the United States.

Category: United States criminal procedure

A Deputy United States Marshals Service | U. S. Marshal covers his fellow officers with an M4 carbine during a " knock-and-announce " procedure

In 1938, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure were adopted to govern civil procedure in United States federal courts.

The Twelfth Amendment ( Amendment XII ) to the United States Constitution provides the procedure for electing the President and Vice President.

Some of its major rulings have concerned federal preemption ( Wyeth v. Levine ), civil procedure ( Twombly-Iqbal ), abortion ( Gonzales v. Carhart ), and the Bill of Rights, prominently Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ( First Amendment ), Heller-McDonald ( Second Amendment ), and Baze v. Rees ( Eighth Amendment ).

* Title 28 governs procedure in the United States federal courts.

* Criminal procedure in the United States

This Act was repealed in 1982 with the full patriation of the Canadian Constitution from the United Kingdom, and with the incorporation of a new, comprehensive procedure for amending the Constitution.

* National Association of Parliamentarians and American Institute of Parliamentarians, two organizations in the United States and Canada devoted to the field of parliamentary procedure

The United States Refugee Act of 1980 ( Public Law 96-212 ) was an amendment to the earlier Immigration and Nationality Act and the Migration and Refugee Assistance Act, and was created to provide a permanent and systematic procedure for the admission to the United States of refugees of special humanitarian concern to the U. S., and to provide comprehensive and uniform provisions for the effective resettlement and absorption of those refugees who are admitted.

Echoing the language of the 15th Amendment, the Act prohibits states from imposing any " voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure ... to deny or abridge the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color.

Section 5 of the Act requires that the United States Department of Justice, through an administrative procedure, or a three-judge panel of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, through a declaratory judgment action " preclear " any attempt to change “ any voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure with respect to voting ..." in any " covered jurisdiction.

It is declared to be the policy of the United States to eliminate the causes of certain substantial obstructions to the free flow of commerce and to mitigate and eliminate these obstructions when they have occurred by encouraging the practice and procedure of collective bargaining and by protecting the exercise by workers of full freedom of association, self-organization, and designation of representatives of their own choosing, for the purpose of negotiating the terms and conditions of their employment or other mutual aid or protection.

It is employed intra-adjudicatively in Administrative Court determinations, as well as in civil and certain criminal procedure in the United States.