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In a plasma, helium's electrons are not bound to its nucleus, resulting in very high electrical conductivity, even when the gas is only partially ionized.
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plasma and electrons
It can also be carried by ions in an electrolyte, or by both ions and electrons such as in a plasma.
Electric currents in sparks or plasma are flows of electrons as well as positive and negative ions.
The breakdown process forms a plasma that contains enough mobile electrons and positive ions to make it an electrical conductor.
Due to their lower mass, the electrons in a plasma accelerate more quickly in response to an electric field than the heavier positive ions, and hence carry the bulk of the current.
Cosmologists refer to the time period when neutral atoms first formed as the recombination epoch, and the event shortly after of photons starting to travel freely through space rather than constantly scattering with electrons and protons in plasma is referred to as photon decoupling.
For example, in high-energy environments such as the corona of a star, free electrons form a plasma that radiates energy due to Bremsstrahlung.
At the opposite extreme, if one looks at the microscopic situation, one sees there are many ways of carrying an electric current, including: a flow of electrons ; a flow of electron " holes " that act like positive particles ; and both negative and positive particles ( ions or other charged particles ) flowing in opposite directions in an electrolytic solution or a plasma ).
This color is determined by the density of loosely bound ( valence ) electrons ; those electrons oscillate as a collective " plasma " medium described in terms of a quasiparticle called plasmon.
Positive ions and electrons are then ejected from the thruster as a quasineutral plasma, creating thrust.
In a plasma, the negative free electrons and the positive ions are attracted to each other by the electrostatic force, but they are too energetic to stay fixed together in an electrically neutral molecule.
If one assumed that magnetopause was just a boundary between a magnetic field in a vacuum and a plasma with a weak magnetic field embedded in it, then the magnetopause would be defined by electrons and ions penetrating one gyroradius into the magnetic field domain.
The hot plasma ions of the magnetosphere acquire electrons during collisions with these atoms and create an escaping " glow " of energetic neutral atoms ( ENAs ) that have been used to image the hot plasma clouds by the IMAGE and TWINS missions.
The free electrons in a metal may be considered an electron plasma
Third, temperatures must be lower than those in stars ( elements are stripped of electrons: a plasma state ) but higher than in the interstellar medium ( reaction rates are too low ).
Positively and negatively charged ions and negatively charged electrons in a fusion plasma are at very high temperatures, and have correspondingly large velocities.
At very high temperatures, such as those present in stars, it is assumed that essentially all electrons are " free ," and that a very high-energy plasma is essentially bare nuclei swimming in a sea of electrons.
Collisions with other particles and walls, as well as plasma instabilities, allow some of the electrons to be freed from the magnetic field, and they drift towards the anode.
The solar wind is a tenuous stream of plasma that flows outwards from the Sun: near the Earth's orbit, it contains several million protons and electrons per cubic meter and flows at.
The inner emission comes from the hot plasma, whereas the two bright caps are produced by electrons accelerated at the shock front.
A coronal mass ejection ( CME ) is an ejected plasma consisting primarily of electrons and protons ( in addition to small quantities of heavier elements such as helium, oxygen, and iron ), plus the entraining coronal closed magnetic field regions.
An inductively coupled plasma is a plasma that is energized ( ionized ) by inductively heating the gas with an electrical coil, and contains a sufficient concentration of ions and electrons to make the gas electrically conductive.
plasma and are
While modelling atoms in isolation may not seem realistic, if one considers atoms in a gas or plasma then the time-scales for atom-atom interactions are huge in comparison to the atomic processes that are generally considered.
Antibodies are produced by a type of white blood cell called a plasma cell.
In the direct elemental analysis of solid samples, the new leaders are laser-induced breakdown and laser ablation mass spectrometry, and the related techniques with transfer of the laser ablation products into inductively coupled plasma.
The average adult has a blood volume of roughly 5 liters ( 1. 3 gal ), composed of plasma and several kinds of cells ( occasionally called corpuscles ); these formed elements of the blood are erythrocytes ( red blood cells, RBCs ), leukocytes ( white blood cells ), and thrombocytes ( platelets ).
Whole blood ( plasma and cells ) exhibits non-Newtonian fluid dynamics ; its flow properties are adapted to flow effectively through tiny capillary blood vessels with less resistance than plasma by itself.
Ions in the gaseous phase are often known as plasma.
The energy source is intended to generate a plasma in which the gases are broken down and more complex chemistries occur.
If certain coordinate systems are used, for instance, polar-toroidal coordinates ( common in plasma physics ) using the notation ∇ × F will yield an incorrect result.
The B-modes, which have not been measured and are thought to have an amplitude of at most a 0. 1 µK, are not produced from the plasma physics alone.
The signals from these receptors are transmitted across the plasma membrane into the cytosol, where Che proteins are activated.
The E-corona ( E for emission ) is due to spectral emission lines produced by ions that are present in the coronal plasma ; it may be observed in broad or forbidden or hot spectral emission lines and is the main source of information about the corona's composition.
Coronal loops are highly radiating sources of plasma and therefore easy to observe by instruments such as TRACE ; they are highly observable laboratories to study phenomena such as solar oscillations, wave activity and nanoflares.
In-situ measurements are required before a definitive answer can be arrived at, but due to the high plasma temperatures in the corona, in-situ measurements are impossible ( at least for the time being ).
Large-scale structures are very long arcs which can cover over a quarter of the solar disk but contain plasma less dense than in the coronal loops of the active regions.
The regions of intense magnetic field look dark in the images, because they are empty of hot plasma.
The player character starts armed only with a pistol, and brass-knuckled fists in case the ammunition runs out, but larger weapons can be picked up: these are a chainsaw, a shotgun, a chaingun, a rocket launcher, a plasma rifle, and finally the immensely powerful BFG 9000.
Blood or plasma DMT levels in recreational users of the drug are generally in the 10 – 30 μg / L range during the first several hours post-ingestion.
plasma and bound
* Supply of nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids ( dissolved in the blood or bound to plasma proteins ( e. g., blood lipids ))
In vitro measurements indicate that 60 % of modafinil is bound to plasma proteins at clinical concentrations of the drug.
Quark-gluon plasma is a phase in which quarks become free and able to move independently ( rather than being perpetually bound into particles ) in a sea of gluons ( subatomic particles that transmit the strong force that binds quarks together ); this is similar to splitting molecules into atoms.
At the temperatures prevailing in the plasma a significant proportion of the atoms of many chemical elements are ionized, each atom losing its most loosely bound electron to form a singly charged ion.
The biliverdin is reduced to bilirubin, which is released into the plasma and recirculated to the liver bound to albumin.
Hemolyzed hemoglobin is bound to a protein in plasma called haptoglobin which is not excreted by the kidney.
Catecholamines are water-soluble and are 50 %- bound to plasma proteins, so they circulate in the bloodstream.
It produces various enzymes such as coagulase ( bound and free coagulases ) which clots plasma and coats the bacterial cell which probably prevent phagocytosis.
In the blood, it is 98. 5 % bound to plasma proteins.
In blood plasma, iron is carried tightly bound to the protein transferrin.
In plasma, estradiol is largely bound to sex hormone-binding globulin, also to albumin.
Significant absorption was seen within 1 hour, and distributed throughout the body, bound to the plasma protein to an extent of 99. 5 %.
Depression of C3 occurs in autoimmune disorders as the complement system is activated and the C3 becomes bound to immune complexes and removed from plasma.
The pigment, called iodopsin or rhodopsin, consists of large proteins called opsin ( situated in the plasma membrane ), attached to a covalently bound prosthetic group: an organic molecule called retinal ( a derivative of vitamin A ).
Loratadine is almost totally ( 97 – 99 %) bound to plasma proteins.
The pigment, called rhodopsin ( photopsin is found in cone cells ) comprises a large protein called opsin ( situated in the plasma membrane ), attached to which is a covalently bound prosthetic group: an organic molecule called retinal ( a derivative of vitamin A ).
Duloxetine is highly bound (> 90 %) to proteins in human plasma, binding primarily to albumin and α1-acid glycoprotein.
Lightsaber blades are made of pure plasma bound in a containment field.
In addition, because some sulfonylureas are bound to plasma proteins, use of drugs that also bind to plasma proteins can release the sulfonylureas from their binding places, leading to increased clearance.
Ezetimibe and its active metabolite are highly bound to human plasma proteins ( 90 %).
Zileuton is 93 % bound to plasma proteins, primarily to albumin, with minor binding to alpha-1-acid glycoprotein.
Nitrazepam is largely bound to plasma proteins.
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