Cosmologists study a model of hierarchical structure formation in which structures form from the bottom up, with smaller objects forming first, while the largest objects, such as superclusters, are still assembling.

Cosmologists therefore invoke a yet unexplored form of energy called dark energy ( dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy that permeates all of space and tends to accelerate the expansion of the universe ) which account for certain cosmological observations mostly related to " accelerating expansion of Universe ".

Cosmologists such as Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor Max Tegmark suggests that if space is sufficiently large and uniform, or infinite as some theories suggest, then identical instances of the history of Earth's entire Hubble volume occur every so often, simply by chance.

Cosmologists study these simulations to see if they agree with the galaxy surveys, and to understand any discrepancy.

Cosmologists normally work with a given space-like slice of spacetime called the comoving coordinates, the existence of a preferred set of which is possible and widely accepted in present-day physical cosmology.

Cosmologists agree that in accordance with observations of distant galaxies, a universe must be non-static if it follows the cosmological principle.

Cosmologists can observationally deduce that the universe is not split into regions of matter and antimatter.

* January – September – Cosmologists from the Supernova Cosmology Project led by Saul Perlmutter and the High-z Supernova Search Team led by Adam Riess and Brian Schmidt publish evidence that the expansion rate of the universe is increasing.

Cosmologists now have fairly precise and accurate measurements of many of the parameters of the Big Bang model, and have made the unexpected discovery that the expansion of the Universe appears to be accelerating.

Cosmologists are still unable to explain all cosmological phenomena exactly on the basis of known conventional forms of energy, such as those related to the accelerating expansion of the universe.

Cosmologists and particle physicists are trying to find additional violations of the CP-symmetry in the early universe that might account for the baryon asymmetry.

* Origins: the Lives and Worlds of Modern Cosmologists / Alan Lightman and Roberta Brawer.

Cosmologists and theoretical physicists have regarded such observations as key in the search for explorations of physics in the energy realms which would require new theories of quantum gravity and other theories which predict events at the Planck scale.

Cosmologists doubt they make up a majority of dark matter because the black holes are at isolated points of the galaxy.

Cosmologists often simplify this equation by defining a critical density,.

God and the Cosmologists.

Cosmologists use the MXXL simulation to study the distribution of galaxies and dark matter halos on very large scales and how the rarest and most massive structures in the universe came about.

Although Dio is the earliest writer to mention them, Ammianus Marcellinus used the name to refer to Germans on the Limes Germanicus in the time of Trajan's governorship of the province shortly after it was formed, circa 98 / 99.

Originally applied to any group of infantry primarily armed with projectile weapons, artillery has over time become limited in meaning to refer only to those engines of war that operate by projection of munitions far beyond the effective range of personal weapons.

However, as more people gradually moved from working the land to living in towns ( especially those who could read and write, the only people whose use of language we now know ), the word harvest lost its reference to the time of year and came to refer only to the actual activity of reaping, and autumn, as well as fall, began to replace it as a reference to the season.

Regulatory Arbitrage was used for the first time in 2005 when it was applied by Scott V. Simpson, a partner at law firm Skadden, Arps, to refer to a new defence tactic in hostile mergers and acquisitions where differing takeover regimes in deals involving multi-jurisdictions are exploited to the advantage of a target company under threat.

The term was also championed by Doug Engelbart to refer to his belief that organizations could better evolve by improving the process they use for improvement ( thus obtaining a compounding effect over time ).

Swedish and Danish chronicles of the 16th century described the events as " black " for the first time, not to describe the late-stage sign of the disease, in which the sufferer's skin would blacken due to subepidermal hemorrhages and the extremities would darken with a form of gangrene, acral necrosis, but more likely to refer to black in the sense of glum or dreadful and to denote the terror and gloom of the events.

In time, they began to refer to her apartment on Potapov Street as, " Our Shop.

Combinations can refer to the combination of n things taken k at a time without or with repetitions.

Hence, as some scholars of China suggest, the Xia and the Shang can possibly refer to political entities that existed concurrently, just as the early Zhou is known to have existed at the same time as the Shang.

By the time of Antoine Lavoisier, for example, a list of elements would no longer refer to classical elements.

A major problem in determining whether the Cimbri were speaking a Celtic or a Germanic language is that at this time the Greeks and Romans tended to refer to all groups to the north of their sphere of influence as Gauls, Celts, or Germani rather indiscriminately.

Few lawyers practice trial law or complex litigation and typically refer such cases to those who have the time, resources and experience to handle a complex trial and the commitment involved to complete a trial successfully.

Costume may also refer to the artistic arrangement of accessories in a picture, statue, poem, or play, appropriate to the time, place, or other circumstances represented or described, or to a particular style of clothing worn to portray the wearer as a character or type of character other than their regular persona at a social event such as a masquerade, a fancy dress party or in an artistic theatrical performance.

According to some authors, it was during this time that the burlesque Spanish term " roto " ( torn ), used by Peruvians to refer to Chileans, was first mentioned given how Almagro's disappointed troops returned to Cuzco with their " torn clothes " due to the extensive and laborious passage on foot by the Atacama desert.

The reference to Passover twice in the same year might refer to the geographical diversity that existed at that time in the Jewish calendar, due in large measure to the breakdown of communications in the Empire.

These terms refer to how the current varies in time.

The term ephemeris time ( often abbreviated ET ) can in principle refer to time in connection with any astronomical ephemeris.

Although this is an independent definition that does not refer to the older basis of ephemeris time, it uses the same quantity as the value of the ephemeris second measured by the cesium clock in 1958.

On the other hand, what some physicists refer to as " apparent " or " effective " FTL depends on the hypothesis that unusually distorted regions of spacetime might permit matter to reach distant locations in less time than light could in normal or undistorted spacetime.

Extension blocks that modify an image ( like the Graphic Control Extension that specifies the optional animation delay time and optional transparent background color ) must immediately precede the segment with the image they refer to.

In many language descriptions, particularly those of traditional European linguistics, the term tense is erroneously used to refer to categories that do not have time reference as their prototypical use, but rather are grammaticalisations of mood / modality ( e. g. uncertainty, possibility, evidentiality ) or aspect ( e. g. frequency, completion, duration ).

They may have authority to veto a bill until the houses of the legislature have reconsidered it, and approved it a second time ; reserve a bill to be signed later, or suspend it indefinitely ( generally in states with royal prerogative ; this power is rarely used ); refer a bill to the courts to test its constitutionality ; refer a bill to the people in a referendum.

Though he quickly dropped " Octavianus " from his name and his contemporaries referred to him as " Caesar " during this period, historians refer to him as Octavian between 44 BC and 27 BC.

The term " bodhisatta " ( Pāli language ) was used by the Buddha in the Pāli canon to refer to himself both in his previous lives and as a young man in his current life, prior to his enlightenment, in the period during which he was working towards his own liberation.

As for the identity of Mordecai, the similar names Marduka and Marduku have been found as the name of officials in the Persian court in over thirty texts from the period of Xerxes I and his father Darius, and may refer to up to four individuals, one of which might after all be Mordecai.

Social critics have adopted this term to refer to how the synthesis of paranoid conspiracy theories, which were once limited to American fringe audiences, has given them mass appeal and enabled them to become commonplace in mass media, thereby inaugurating an unrivaled period of people actively preparing for apocalyptic millenarian scenarios in the United States of the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

This name was used in Turkish side by side with Kostantiniyye, the more formal adaptation of the original Constantinople, during the period of Ottoman rule, while western languages mostly continued to refer to the city as Constantinople until the early 20th century.

Historians often refer to the period from Qin Dynasty to the end of Qing Dynasty as Imperial China.

The term costume can refer to wardrobe and dress in general, or to the distinctive style of dress of a particular people, class, or period.

In a later period, Husserl began to wrestle with the complicated issues of intersubjectivity, specifically, how communication about an object can be assumed to refer to the same ideal entity ( Cartesian Meditations, Meditation V ).

Ackerman was born Forrest James Ackerman ( though he would refer to himself from the early 1930s on as " Forrest J Ackerman " with no period after the middle initial ) on November 24, 1916 in Los Angeles, to Carroll Cridland ( née Wyman ; 1883 – 1977 ) and William Schilling Ackerman ( 1892 – 1951 ).

Glasnost can also refer to the specific period in the history of the USSR during the 1980s when there was less censorship and greater freedom of information.

Ancient temples were regularly used for storing treasures, and were open to private individuals under exceptional circumstances ; furthermore, many subsequent philosophers in this period refer to the work.

Its Hebrew analogue, Yamim Nora ' im ( ימים נוראים ), " Days of Awe ," is more flexible: it can refer just to those holidays, or to the Ten Days of Repentance, or to the entire pentitential period, starting as early as the beginning of Elul.

Judeo-Christian ( also Abrahamism ) is a term used in a historical sense to refer to the connections between the precursors of Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism in the Second Temple period, especially in the United States.

Pax Khazarica is a term used by historians to refer to the period during which the Khazaria dominated the Pontic steppe and the Caucasus Mountains.

It was first used to refer to post-Holocene but pre-agricultural material in northwest Europe about 10, 000 to 5000 BCE but is also applied to material from the Levant ( about 20, 000 to 9500 BCE ); in Japan the Jōmon period ( about 14, 000 to 400 BCE ) is sometimes called Mesolithic and it is also applied to some cultures from the Indian sub-continent ( 100, 000 to 30, 000 BCE ).

" One plausible view is that Nazōraean ( Ναζωραῖος ) is a normal Greek adaptation of a reconstructed, hypothetical term in Jewish Aramaic for the word later used in Rabbinical sources to refer to Jesus .< ref > G. F. Moore, ‘ Nazarene and Nazareth ,’ in The Beginnings of Christianity 1 / 1, 1920 pp. 426-432, according to which Hebrew Nôṣri the gentilic used of Jesus from the Tannaitic period onwards, would have corresponded to a hypothetical Jewish Aramaic * Nōṣrāyā, which would have in turn produced * N < sup >< span style =" font-size: 80 %"> e </ span ></ sup > ṣōrāyā.

The timeframe is also slightly different, in that " Renaissance " tends to refer to events over a generally earlier period than " Early Modern ".

Although the term " Third Reich " is still in common use to refer to this historical period, the terms " First Reich " and " Second Reich " for the earlier periods are seldom found outside Nazi propaganda.

It was most often used by Roman writers to refer to the state and government, even during the period of the Roman Empire.

Romanticism does not necessarily refer to romantic love, though that theme was prevalent in many works composed during this time period, both in literature, painting, or music.

However, the term " Regency " has been used to refer to a much broader period than the historical Regency for a very long time, particularly in areas such as the history of art and architecture, literature, and clothing.

When used as a historical period in traditional Spanish and Portuguese historiography, the term Reconquista has often been used to refer to a period extending from 718 ( or 722 according to other sources ) to 1492, when the last remaining Islamic state in Iberia, the Emirate of Granada, was defeated.

State capitalism has also come to refer to an economic system where the means of production are owned privately but the state has considerable control over the allocation of credit and investment, as in the case of France during the period of dirigisme.