In 1838, Michael Faraday passed a current through a rarefied air filled glass tube and noticed a strange light arc with its beginning at the cathode ( negative electrode ) and its end almost at the anode ( positive electrode ).

For example, air pollution may generate a negative externality, and education may generate a positive externality ( less crime, etc .).

As the effect was produced across several centimeters of air and made very great positive and small negative ions, it was natural to interpret the phenomenon, as did J. J. Thomson, as a Hertz effect upon the solid or liquid particles present in the gas.

* Plenum chamber, a chamber intended to contain air, gas, or liquid at positive pressure

Wings with this shape are the norm in subsonic flight, but symmetrically shaped wings ( above and below ) can generate lift by using a positive angle of attack to deflect air downward.

Instead, the oxygen in the forced air ignited silicon and carbon impurities in the iron, starting a positive feedback loop.

( They are often termed " hot " and " cold ," and the AES14-1992 ( r2004 ) Standard EIA Standard RS-297-A suggest that the pin that carries the positive signal that results from a positive air pressure on a transducer will be deemed ' hot '.

Where divergence is occurring in the upper atmosphere, there will be air coming in to try to balance the net loss of mass ( this is called the principle of mass conservation ), and there is a resulting upward motion ( positive vertical velocity ).

Another way to state this is to say that regions of upper air divergence are conducive to lower level convergence, cyclone formation, and positive vertical velocity.

Finally, it is also used in a specific type of positive displacement air compressor: the rotary-screw air compressor.

Outside, " fresh " air is generally drawn into the system by a vent into the indoor heat exchanger section, creating positive air pressure.

During the strike, successive portions of air become a conductive discharge channel as the electrons and positive ions of air molecules are pulled away from each other and forced to flow in opposite directions.

Due to the dangers of lightning, aircraft operating in U. S. airspace have been required to have static discharge wicks to reduce the possibility of attracting a lightning strike, as well as to mitigate radio interference due to static buildup through friction with the air, but these measures may be insufficient for positive lightning.

When dealing with biological hazards at this level the use of a positive pressure personnel suit, with a segregated air supply, is mandatory.

These allow positive pressure to escape the crankcase ( to the engine air intake to be recirculated ) but which close when the pressure in the crankcase drops as the pistons move apart.

The terms on the RHS denote the positive or negative generation of absolute vorticity by divergence of air, twisting of the axis of rotation, and baroclinity, respectively.

At same time in both shafts cooling air is added from the bottom to cool the lime and to make exhaust of gases via the bottom of the kiln impossible via maintaining always a positive pressure.

The positive feedback increases the accumulating charges exponentially until the dielectric breakdown voltage of the air is reached and an electric spark jumps across the gap.

A recent, high-profile transgression took place in the 2008 Summer Olympics, where 50 metre pistol silver medallist and 10 metre air pistol bronze medallist Kim Jong-su tested positive for propranolol and was stripped of his medal.

It is likely that the reason for this is that at very low pressures, only experiments which used very large voltages produced positive results, as a product of a greater chance of ionization of the extremely limited number of available air molecules, and a greater force from each ion from Coulomb's Law ; experiments which used lower voltages have a lower chance of ionization and a lower force per ion.

In the Schrödinger equation for this system of one negative and one positive particle, the atomic orbitals are the eigenstates of the Hamiltonian operator for the energy.

Rather, a system with a negative temperature is hotter than any system with a positive temperature in the sense that if a negative-temperature system and a positive-temperature system come in contact, heat will flow from the negative-to the positive-temperature system.

However, shortly after this positive result, Kurt Gödel published On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems ( 1931 ), showing that in any sufficiently strong axiomatic system there are true statements which cannot be proved in the system.

These positive evaluations led to the increased use and more thorough implementation of the CRM system.

The standard orientation, where the xy-plane is horizontal and the z-axis points up ( and the x-and the y-axis form a positively oriented two-dimensional coordinate system in the xy-plane if observed from above the xy-plane ) is called right-handed or positive.

In 1963 Friedman and Schwartz proposed a positive feedback loop as a mechanism for catastrophic failures in economics: “ It happens that a liquidity crisis in a unit fractional reserve banking system is precisely the kind of event that trigger-and often has triggered-a chain reaction.

where work is defined as positive into the system.

If ΔH is positive, the reaction is endothermic, that is heat is absorbed by the system due to the products of the reaction having a greater enthalpy than the reactants.

In this sense, the term has no real positive connotations, except for the idea that the hacker is capable of doing modifications that allow a system to work in the short term, and so has some sort of marketable skills.

Note that is positive while is negative ; in any reversible work-extracting process, entropy is overall not increased, but rather is moved from a hot ( high-entropy ) system to a cold ( low-entropy one ), decreasing the entropy of the heat source and increasing that of the heat sink.

Among several others, they highlight the fact that maintaining a judicial system, a fundamental requirement of the civil right to due process before the law and other rights relating to judicial process, is positive, resource-intensive, progressive and vague, while the social right to housing is precise, justiciable and can be a real ' legal ' right.

Hansie is a biographical film released in 2008 about the life of Hansie Cronje that aims to portray him in a positive light and as a victim of circumstance lured by an evil system of illegal gambling and bookmakers from India.

A joint research project of the WIPO and the United Nations University measuring the impact of IP systems on six Asian countries found " a positive correlation between the strengthening of the IP system and subsequent economic growth.

The most common representation of a positive integer is a string of bits, using the binary numeral system.

but instead used a S-shaped vertical descent profile ( starting with an initially steep descent, followed by a leveling out, followed by a slight climb, followed by a return to a positive rate of descent continuing to splash-down in the ocean ) through Earth's atmosphere to reduce its speed until the parachute system could be deployed enabling a safe landing.

He continued to write ferociously, and it was due to this " crucial experience of war and captivity that Sartre began to try to build up a positive moral system and to express it through literature " ( Thody 1964: 21 ).

John's judicial reforms had a lasting, positive impact on the English common law system, as well as providing an additional source of revenue.

The preferred convention — that East be positive — is consistent with a right-handed Cartesian coordinate system, with the North Pole up.

" at which point the listeners outline all forms of positive aspects of the Roman occupation such as sanitation, medicine, education, wine, public order, irrigation, roads, a fresh water system, public health and peace, followed by " what have the Romans ever done for us except sanitation, medicine, education ...".

The network effect has a lot of similarities with the description of phenomenon in reinforcing positive feedback loops described in system dynamics.

Conversely, inserting a tube that is too small can result in inability to achieve effective positive pressure ventilation due to retrograde escape of gas through the glottis and out the mouth and nose ( often referred to as a " leak " around the tube ).

Rebreather divers may test the breathing loop to ensure that it does not leak under a positive internal pressure and negative internal pressure.

The sodium influx eventually overtakes the potassium efflux ( via the potassium leak channels ), initiating a positive feedback loop ( rising phase ).

While some reports were positive, others have reported capillary leak syndrome suspected to be the result of overly rapid lowering of VEGF levels.

The S / LPD said it helped write an anti-Sandinista column for the Wall Street Journal that ran two days earlier ; assisted in a " positive piece " on the Contras by Fred Francis that aired the night before on NBC ; wrote op-eds for the Washington Post and New York Times that would run with the bylines of Contra leaders ; arranged an extensive media tour for a Contra leader " through a cut-out " ( to hide the S / LPD's role ); and prepared to leak a State Department cable that would embarrass the Sandinistas: " Do not be surprised if this cable somehow hits the evening news.

1: entire cell, 2: steel casing, 3: zinc negative electrode, 4: carbon rod, 5: positive electrode ( Manganese dioxide mixed with carbon powder and electrolyte ), 6: paper separator, 7: polyethylene leak proof isolation, 8: sealing rings, 9-negative terminal, 10-positive terminal ( originally connected to carbon rod )