the student will certainly want to explore more deeply into the fascinating study of immature individuals, struggling to meet their developmental needs, and at the same time trying to learn the rules of the game in the ever-expanding number of groups in which they hold membership.

This push to confine the study of mass behaviour to the measurements of parameters involved in differential equations has led sociology perilously close to the reduction of the word `` mass '' to mean a small group in which certain relations between all pairs of individuals in such a group can be studied.

The humanities generally study local traditions, through their history, literature, music, and arts, with an emphasis on understanding particular individuals, events, or eras.

A simple nomenclature system was introduced in 1978 by Angst, J., et al., to classify more easily individuals ' affectedness within the spectrum, following a clinical study by the Psychiatric University Clinic of Zürich.

Since individuals act according to different probability judgements, these agents ' probabilities are " personal " ( but amenable to objective study ).

A 1996 study on the relationship between racism and conservatism found that the correlation was stronger among more educated individuals, though specifically anti-Black racism did not increase.

Wild population estimates vary ; one estimate shows that there are about 1, 590 individuals living in the wild, while a 2006 study via DNA analysis estimated that this figure could be as high as 2, 000 to 3, 000.

The study found that highly suggestible individuals experienced a greater reduction in pain from hypnosis compared with placebo, whereas less suggestible subjects experienced no pain reduction from hypnosis when compared with placebo.

This is distinguished from other aspects of psychology in that although psychology is ostensibly a study of individuals, modern psychologists often study groups or biological underpinnings of cognition.

In this context, differences between individuals in their reaction to the experimental and control manipulations are actually treated as errors rather than as interesting phenomena to study.

In any study, significant variation exists between individuals.

The American Association for the Advancement of Science also recognized the need for increased understanding between scientists and lawmakers in its newsletter on Science and Technology in Congress, " Although most individuals would agree that sound science is preferable to junk science, fewer recognize what makes a scientific study ' good ' or ' bad '.

The Dutch, realizing the limited number of individuals in the wild, outlawed sport hunting and heavily limited the number of individuals taken for scientific study.

In this situation the analysis would be free from ascertainment bias and the pedigrees would be under " nontruncate selection " In practice, most studies identify, and include, families in a study based upon them having affected individuals.

When afflicted individuals have an equal chance of being included in a study this is called truncate selection, signifying the inadvertent exclusion ( truncation ) of families who are carriers for a gene.

In 2005 the EGU Division on Cryospheric Sciences established the Louis Agassiz Medal, awarded to individuals in recognition of their outstanding scientific contribution to the study of the cryosphere on Earth or elsewhere in the solar system.

Nevertheless, a recent genetic study of likely Etruscan descendants in Tuscany found strong similarities with individuals in western Anatolia.

Microeconomic techniques study the role of individuals and individual firms in the labour market.

* Developmental linguistics – study of the development of linguistic ability in individuals, particularly the acquisition of language in childhood.

Weber was a key proponent of methodological antipositivism, arguing for the study of social action through interpretive ( rather than purely empiricist ) means, based on understanding the purpose and meaning that individuals attach to their own actions.

A 1992 study by Jeffrey E. Pfeifer of the University of Virginia on " The Psychological Framing of Cults " found that 75. 51 % ( 74 of 98 ) of participating individuals were familiar with the word " Moonies ".

That study revealed untenable weaknesses across the board in IBM and a decision was made to cut 95 % of the overall budget for OS / 2, eliminate the Boca Raton development laboratory, end all sales and marketing efforts of the product, and lay off over 1300 individuals.

Interestingly, these patients are often first diagnosed when they have their first generalized tonic-clonic seizure later in life, when they experience sleep deprivation ( e. g., freshman year in college after staying up late to study for exams ).

In her study Exuberance: The Passion for Life, she cites research which suggests that 15 percent of people who could be diagnosed as manic depressive may never actually become depressed ; in effect, they are permanently ' high ' on life.

A study conducted by the Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation, suggests that about 1 in 50 people have been diagnosed with paralysis.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) and other brain imaging technologies allow for the study of differences in brain activity in people diagnosed with schizophrenia.

Sleep apnea is diagnosed with an overnight sleep test called a polysomnogram, or " sleep study ".

The study authors suggest physician evaluation via contrast enhanced CT scans for the presence of pulmonary emboli when caring for patients diagnosed with respiratory complications from a " severe " case of the H1N1 flu.

One of the first individuals diagnosed with multiple personalities to be scientifically studied was Clara Norton Fowler, under the pseudonym Christine Beauchamp ; American neurologist Morton Prince studied Fowler between 1898 and 1904, describing her case study in his 1906 monograph, Dissociation of a Personality.

In a study of 19 European registries, 67. 2 % of prenatally diagnosed cases of Turner Syndrome were detected by abnormalities on ultrasound.

A 2010 Italian study that genotyped patients diagnosed with MCS, with suspected MCS, and healthy controls suggested inhibition of expression and activity of metabolizing and antioxidant enzymes in MCS, accelerated lipid oxidation, increased nitric oxide production and glutathione depletion and increased plasma inflammatory cytokines.

A longitudinal study found that, six years after being diagnosed with BPD, 56 % had good psychosocial functioning compared to 26 % at baseline.

In a study by the Mayo Clinic 121 individuals diagnosed with Benign Fasciculation Syndrome were assessed 2 – 32 years (~ 7 years average ) after diagnosis.

In a study of forty-four patients diagnosed with the disorder, one half was treated with the drug for two months while the other half, the control group, was given a placebo for two months followed by a two month treatment of ALA.

In one study, 60 % of children with spina bifida were diagnosed with a learning disability.

A 3-year study found that patients diagnosed with IBS were 16. 3 times more likely to be diagnosed with IBD during the study period.

Some felt the study was poorly designed and executed by Tudor, and as a result the data offered no proof of Johnson's subsequent theory that " stuttering begins, not in the child's mouth but in the parent's ear " -- i. e., that it is the well-meaning parent's effort to help the child avoid what the parent has labelled " stuttering " ( but is in fact within the range of normal speech ) that contributes to what ultimately becomes the problem diagnosed as stuttering.

In this study, 62 unbooked emergency women where diagnosed with obstetric fistulas out of 7, 707 studied, in comparison to 3 diagnosed booked mothers out of 15020 studied.

The study done by Lewis and Yarnell in ( 1951 ) is one of the largest epidemiologists studies done which found thirty nine percent of the fire setters in the study to be diagnosed with pyromaniacs.

In a study of open-access endoscopy in Scotland, patients were diagnosed 7 % in Stage I 17 % in Stage II, and 28 % in Stage III.

In a UK study of 351 infants and children diagnosed with " benign " teratoma reported 227 with MT, 124 with IT.