Apart from the grant to John Kempe and his company mentioned above an early example of such letters patent was a grant by Henry VI in 1449 to John of Utynam, a Flemish man, for a 20 year monopoly for his invention.

Finally, in 1740 the French astronomer Jacques Cassini, who is traditionally credited with the invention of year zero, completed the transition in his Tables astronomiques, simply labeling this year 0, which he placed at the end of Julian years labeled avant Jesus-Christ ( before Jesus Christ or BC ), and immediately before Julian years labeled après Jesus-Christ ( after Jesus Christ or AD ).

Thus it was the Aeginetans who, within 30 or 40 years of the invention of coinage in Asia Minor by the Ionian Greeks or the Lydians ( c. 630 BC ), introduced coinage to the Western world.

1st century BC ), described the invention of a mechanical arrow firing catapult ( katapeltikon ) by a Greek task force in 399 BC.

1st century BC ), described the invention of a mechanical arrow firing catapult ( katapeltikon ) by a Greek task force in 399 BC.

A more recent Australian invention is the term " reginalds " to describe underpants ( referred to as " undies " in Australian slang ), from " Reg Grundies " after Reg Grundy, the Australian media tycoon.

The artistic challenge was resurrected with increasing ambition as art became more and more realistic with the invention of photography, film ( see Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat ), and immersive computer simulations.

In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots ( without any known intentional invention ), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction ; place names may be considered words ; technical terms may be arbitrarily long.

His pleograph film camera has been patented already before the Lumière brothers ' invention and he is credited as the author of the earliest surviving Polish documentary titled Ślizgawka w Łazienkach ( Skating-rink in the Royal Baths ), as well as the first short narrative films Powrót birbanta ( Rake's return home ) and Przygoda dorożkarza ( Cabman's Adventure ), both created in 1902.

Hayek viewed the free price system not as a conscious invention ( that which is intentionally designed by man ), but as spontaneous order or what he referred to as " that which is the result of human action but not of human design ".

7th century BCE ), a statuary in metal credited with invention of welding

In what is known as the Taxil hoax, he claimed that supposedly leading Freemason Albert Pike had addressed " The 23 Supreme Confederated Councils of the world " ( an invention of Taxil ), instructing them that Lucifer was God, and was in opposition to the evil god Adonai.

Giorgio Vasari's opinions about the art of painting come through in his praise of fellow artists in the great book that lay behind this frontispiece: he believed that excellence in painting demanded refinement, richness of invention ( invenzione ), expressed through virtuoso technique ( maniera ), and wit and study that appeared in the finished work, all criteria that emphasized the artist's intellect and the patron's sensibility.

Until the invention of gunpowder-based weapons ( and the resulting higher-velocity projectiles ), the balance of power and logistics definitely favored the defender.

Most of them had evidently been based on unsourced rumours relayed as fact by much later commentators, such as Jaubert ( 1656 ), Guynaud ( 1693 ) and Bareste ( 1840 ), on modern misunderstandings of the 16th century French texts, or on pure invention.

Being pressured by his advisers to declare coffee the " bitter invention of Satan " because of its popularity among Muslims and it being a sort of antithesis or substitute for wine ( which was used in the Eucharist ), upon tasting it he instead declared that, " This devil's drink is so delicious ... we should cheat the devil by baptizing it.

He announced his invention of the first phonograph, a device for recording and replaying sound, on November 21, 1877 ( early reports appear in Scientific American and several newspapers in the beginning of November, and an even earlier announcement of Edison working on a ' talking-machine ' can be found in the Chicago Daily Tribune on May 9 ), and he demonstrated the device for the first time on November 29 ( it was patented on February 19, 1878 as US Patent 200, 521 ).

Rhetorical education focused on five particular canons: inventio ( invention ), dispositio ( arrangement ), elocutio ( style ), memoria ( memory ), and actio ( delivery ).

Until the invention of gunpowder-based weapons ( and the resulting higher-velocity projectiles ), the balance of power and logistics definitely favored the defender.

Daedalus ' appearance in Homer is in an extended simile, " plainly not Homer's invention ," Robin Lane Fox observes: " he is a point of comparison and so he belongs in stories which Homer's audience already recognized.

His less practical and more metaphysical Idea del tempio della pittura (" The ideal temple of painting ", Milan, 1590 ) offers a description along the lines of the " four temperaments " theory of the human nature and personality, containing the explanations of the role of individuality in judgment and artistic invention.

His less practical and more metaphysical Idea del tempio della pittura (" The ideal temple of painting ", 1590 ) offers a description along the lines of the " four temperaments " theory of human nature and personality, containing the explanations of the role of individuality in judgment and artistic invention.

Aside from founding Uruk, Enmerkar is said here to have had a temple built at Eridu, and is even credited with the invention of writing on clay tablets, for the purpose of threatening Aratta into submission.

Tylor in particular laid the groundwork for theories of cultural diffusionism, stating that there are three ways that different groups can have similar cultural forms or technologies: " independent invention, inheritance from ancestors in a distant region, transmission from one race to another.

Perhaps Grothendieck's deepest single accomplishment is the invention of the étale and l-adic cohomology theories, which explain an observation of André Weil's that there is a deep connection between the topological characteristics of a variety and its diophantine ( number theoretic ) properties.

Yet there is now little doubt that the hollow-walled broch tower was purely an invention from what is now Scotland, or that even the kinds of pottery found inside them that most resembled south British styles were local hybrid forms.

Later, beginning in 1982 with The Pogues ' invention of Celtic folk-punk and Stockton's Wing blend of Irish traditional and Pop, Rock and Reggie, there has been a movement to incorporate Celtic influences into other genres of music.

Its invention is commonly credited to the Celts, but there are also examples of Etruscan pattern mail dating from at least the 4th century BCE.

Among the non-scientific public, his fame spread more effectually by his invention in about 1815 of the kaleidoscope, for which there was a great demand in both the United Kingdom, France, and the United States.

Director / actor John Cassavetes contemplating Capra ’ s contribution to the art of film quipped: “ Maybe there really wasn ’ t an America, it was only Frank Capra .” Capra ’ s films were his love letters to an idealized America — a cinematic landscape of his own invention.

Since the discovery happened several millennia before the invention of writing, there is no written record about how it was made.

Although some popular histories of Halloween have characterized trick-or-treating as an adult invention to rechannel Halloween activities away from vandalism, there is very little records supporting it.

All this is due to the fact that necessity is the mother of invention because those tribes that emigrated early to the north, and there gradually became white, had to develop all their intellectual powers and invent and perfect all the arts in their struggle with need, want and misery, which in their many forms were brought about by the climate.

) there were no objective measurements before the invention of these tools.

Quintus of Smyrna, recalling this passage, does write that Thetis once released Zeus from chains ; but there is no other reference to this rebellion among the Olympians, and some readers, such as M. M. Willcock, have understood the episode as an ad hoc invention of Homer's to support Achilles ' request that his mother intervene with Zeus.

Strictly speaking, in most jurisdictions, there are essentially no differences between the legal requirements to obtain a patent for an invention in the chemical or pharmaceutical fields, in comparison to obtaining a patent in the other fields, such as in the mechanical field.

Fearing that there was a risk that the battle would end with the invention being declared unpatentable due to Heaviside's prior publication, they decided to desist from the challenge and buy an option on Pupin's patent for a yearly fee so that AT & T would control both patents.

") Considering " Mrs Dubois "' s French last name, it is likelier that she carried an invention from her native country to England, and developed it there.

The invention of this cold treat is attributed to Robert Green in 1874, although there is no conclusive evidence to prove his claim.

The invention then spread to the rest of the Islamic world, and from there to Europe.

Rallying became very popular in Sweden and Finland in the 1950s, thanks in part to the invention there of the specialsträcka ( Swedish ) or erikoiskoe ( Finnish ), or special stage: shorter sections of route, usually on minor or private roads — predominantly gravel in these countries — away from habitation and traffic, which were separately timed.

With the ending of the slave trade, the invention of the cotton gin, and opening up of new territories in the Deep South, suddenly there was a growing market for the trading of slaves.

While Dewar was recognised as the inventor, because he did not patent his invention there was no way to stop Thermos from using the design.

That Roman forces then sowed the city with salt to ensure that nothing would grow there again is almost certainly a 19th century invention.

" By accounts from Lisbon we are assured, that in consequence of the experiments made there with the Montgolfier balloon, the literati of Portugal had been incited to make numerous researches on the subject ; in consequence of which they pretend that the honour of the invention is due to Portugal.

Despite its association with Zhang Heng or even the later Ma Jun ( c. 200 – 265 ), there is evidence to suggest that the invention of the odometer was a gradual process in Han Dynasty China that centered around the huang men court people ( i. e. eunuchs, palace officials, attendants and familiars, actors, acrobats, etc.

Most countries place some limits on the patenting of invention involving software, but there is no legal definition of a software patent.