* Automated Mathematician, an artificial intelligence program

Turing is widely considered to be the father of computer science and artificial intelligence.

After arriving at the Tines homeworld and allying with Woodcarver to defeat Steel, Pham initiates the Countermeasure, which extends the " Slow Zone " – the inner region of the galaxy where the highest technologies, such as artificial intelligence and superluminal travel, are impossible – by thousands of light-years to enclose the Blight.

This can be treated as part of subject area of artificial intelligence.

* Woody Bledsoe, artificial intelligence pioneer.

In the field of artificial intelligence, the most difficult problems are informally known as AI-complete or AI-hard, implying that the difficulty of these computational problems is equivalent to solving the central artificial intelligence problem — making computers as intelligent as people, or strong AI.

Seed AI is a hypothesized type of strong artificial intelligence capable of recursive self-improvement.

Bioinformatics also deals with algorithms, databases and information systems, web technologies, artificial intelligence and soft computing, information and computation theory, structural biology, software engineering, data mining, image processing, modeling and simulation, discrete mathematics, control and system theory, circuit theory, and statistics.

The propositional satisfiability problem ( PSAT ), which decides whether a given propositional formula is satisfiable, is of central importance in various areas of computer science, including theoretical computer science, algorithmics, artificial intelligence, hardware design, electronic design automation, and verification.

Modern SAT solvers are also having significant impact on the fields of software verification, constraint solving in artificial intelligence, and operations research, among others.

In general, computational linguistics draws upon the involvement of linguists, computer scientists, experts in artificial intelligence, mathematicians, logicians, philosophers, cognitive scientists, cognitive psychologists, psycholinguists, anthropologists and neuroscientists, among others.

Computational linguistics as a field predates artificial intelligence, a field under which it is often grouped.

When artificial intelligence came into existence in the 1960s, the field of computational linguistics became that sub-division of artificial intelligence dealing with human-level comprehension and production of natural languages.

Cognitive science consists of multiple research disciplines, including psychology, artificial intelligence, philosophy, neuroscience, linguistics, anthropology, sociology, and education.

In the 1970s and early 1980s, much cognitive science research focused on the possibility of artificial intelligence.

It has also given rise to a new theory of the philosophy of mathematics, and many theories of artificial intelligence, persuasion and coercion.

The Turing test is commonly cited in discussions of artificial intelligence as a proposed criterion for machine consciousness ; it has provoked a great deal of philosophical debate.

In the literature concerning artificial intelligence ( AI ), Searle's essay has been second only to Turing's in the volume of debate it has generated.

For example, Philip K. Dick's works contain recurring themes of social decay, artificial intelligence, paranoia, and blurred lines between objective and subjective realities, and the influential cyberpunk movie Blade Runner is based on one of his books.

The other half of this pilot program is the Knight Industries Two Thousand ( KITT ), a heavily modified Pontiac Trans Am with numerous features including an extremely durable shell and frame, controlled by a computer with artificial intelligence.

" This line is also included in the film – after Richard concludes his opening speech to Edward, he enters the men's room and continues in soliloquy form to line twenty-seven of Richard III before then referring back to the earlier play " Why, I can smile and murder while I smile / And wet my cheeks with artificial tears / And frame my face to all occasions " ( ll.

Electrochromic technology also finds use in indoor applications, for example, for protection of objects under the glass of museum display cases and picture frame glass from the damaging effects of the UV and visible wavelengths of artificial light.

The primary focus of YATTA is to perform IVTC ( inverse telecine ), which is the act of eliminating " combing " ( so-called artificial interlacing ) on the video source caused by the 3: 2 pulldown process and lowering the frame rate to that of film.

Though the scientific accuracy of the series is variable ( it posits the invention of acceleration compensators, artificial gravity and warp drives by the year 2015 ) it includes many hard science fiction elements, and provides a consistent technological frame if one assumes that human technological progress has been put into overdrive in order to wage war against the aliens.

A deckchair is a folding chair, usually with a frame of treated wood or artificial material ( for protection against the weather ) and a fabric or vinyl backrest and seat.

* Cadre: A group of acrobats perform on a suspended frame high above the water in an artificial rain storm.

In cases where the fill light is desired to be darker than what is available without artificial means, a flag or frame may be used to block ambient light and thereby provide what is called negative fill.

The freeway with narrowly spaced interchanges concentrates and mitigates the access problem, but it also acts inevitably as an artificial, isolating boundary.

William Aspdin's innovation was counterintuitive for manufacturers of " artificial cements ", because they required more lime in the mix ( a problem for his father ), a much higher kiln temperature ( and therefore more fuel ), and the resulting clinker was very hard and rapidly wore down the millstones, which were the only available grinding technology of the time.

In the field of artificial intelligence, problem solving can be simplified by an appropriate choice of knowledge representation.

While the more general approach of such adaptive systems is more suitable for real-world problem solving, it has far less to do with the traditional artificial intelligence connectionist models.

The materialistic view of the mind-body problem holds that mental disorders arise from physical processes ; in this view, the distinction between brain and mind, and therefore between organic and functional disease, is an artificial one.

The " edge of world problem " raises the issue of what to do at the artificial boundary of the physical edge of a board game, in contrast to real life where there is no " edge " and units off-board can have a tangible effect on a scenario.

This problem is solved by a government program to use artificial means to raise the intelligence of cats to an IQ of 20. 2 so that they can be taught Marxism and subsequently realize catching rats is for the greater good.

* The symbol grounding problem in artificial intelligence

To address the problem of creating a human egg market, some stem cell researchers are investigating the possibility of creating artificial eggs.

With the advent of artificial light sources, however, light pollution has been a growing problem for viewing the night sky.

An honourable exception was Professor Richard Threlfall who, in his presidential address to the Royal Society of New South Wales in May 1895, spoke of his " strong conviction of the importance of the work which Mr Hargrave has done towards solving the problem of artificial flight ".

The problem of creating a 100 % functional artificial electronic eye is even more complex than what is already obvious.

They also served a practical purpose: the unhygienic conditions of the time meant that hair attracted head lice, a problem that could be much reduced if natural hair were shaved and replaced with a more easily de-loused artificial hairpiece.

* Parallel problem solving: mainly deals with how classic artificial intelligence concepts can be modified, so that multiprocessor systems and clusters of computers can be used to speed up calculation.

If computationalism is correct, and if there is no problem in generating artificial consciousness or cognition, it would establish the theoretical possibility of a simulated reality.

The horizon effect is a problem in artificial intelligence where, in many games, the number of possible states or positions is immense and computers can only feasibly search a small portion of it, typically a few ply down the game tree.

* Frame problem, in artificial intelligence

After the success of propositional satisfiability in solving the planning problem in artificial intelligence ( see satplan ) in 1996,

In artificial intelligence research, GOFAI (" Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence ") describes the oldest original approach to achieving artificial intelligence, based on logic and problem solving.