Then in 1875, apparently in response to the nationalizing influence of the Civil War, Congress first gave the lower federal courts general authority -- concurrently with state tribunals -- to decide cases involving federal-right questions.

Karns had been scheduled this week to hear seven cases involving 35 persons.

Assault can also be considered in cases involving the spitting on, or unwanted exposure of bodily fluids to others.

The plot displays many classic elements of farce, including puns, the slamming of doors, cases of mistaken identity ( frequently involving characters disguising themselves as one another ), and satirical comments on social class.

He had the power to overturn any verdict by any other courts, and served as judge in cases involving criminal charges against provincial governors.

In some cases it may be difficult to describe x independently of such a limiting process involving rational numbers.

In civil cases involving disputes between private citizens, the behaviour resulting in the ruling is often directed at one of the parties involved rather than at the court directly.

In cases involving the controversial issue of anti-trust regulation, the Supreme Court was divided.

This is particularly common in cases involving alleged violations of constitutional rights, such as freedom of speech.

The percentage stated of cases involving kidnapping varies considerably, depending on the source.

In all cases, however, sharia ( Islamic religious law ) calls for burial of the body, preceded by a simple ritual involving bathing and shrouding the body, followed by salah ( prayer ).

Generally, state courts hear cases involving state law, although they may also hear cases involving federal law so long as the federal law in question does not grant exclusive jurisdiction to federal courts.

Since then, and even in recent years, public spokesmen in Haiti as well as international academics and statesmen have denounced this event as the payment of an illegitimate debt, in several cases calling on the French government to repay it ( the French government has never been willing to repay it, though there was a hoax following the 2010 Haiti Earthquake involving a fake website purporting to offer reparation payment on behalf of the French Government ).

However, iterative methods are often useful even for linear problems involving a large number of variables ( sometimes of the order of millions ), where direct methods would be prohibitively expensive ( and in some cases impossible ) even with the best available computing power.

Between 1995 and 1996, the ICTY also dealt with miscellaneous cases involving several detainees-Djukic, Krsmanovic, Kremenovic, Lajic-which never reached the trial stage.

For example, they had to pay the jizya, a per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males, and they were also forbidden to bear arms or testify in court cases involving Muslims.

Singapore abolished Privy Council appeals in all cases save those involving the death penalty, or in civil cases where the parties had agreed to such a right of appeal, in 1989.

Juries sit in a few civil cases, in particular, defamation and cases involving the state.

This became the Criminal Justice Act 2003, which sought to remove the right to trial by jury for cases involving jury tampering or complex fraud.

The United States district courts may hear only cases arising under federal law and treaties, cases involving ambassadors, admiralty cases, controversies between states or between a state and citizens of another state, lawsuits involving citizens of different states, and against foreign states and citizens.

Roughly 88 % of people affected with AVM are asymptomatic ; often the malformation is discovered as part of an autopsy or during treatment of an unrelated disorder ( called in medicine " an incidental finding "); in rare cases its expansion or a micro-bleed from an AVM in the brain can cause epilepsy, deficit or pain.

Pancreas divisum is a common congenital malformation of the pancreas that may underlie some recurrent cases.

Additional abnormalities may involve malformation of the skeleton, spine and neck ; fingers and / or toes ; genitals ( particularly in males ); and, in some cases, heart problems.

In the majority of cases, though, spina bifida is an isolated malformation.

A congenital malformation of the processus vaginalis known as the " bell-clapper deformity " accounts for 90 % of all cases.

In some recorded cases, the syndrome was caused by or can cause a pelvic arterial-venous malformation with arterial branches to the penis or clitoris ; surgical treatment was effective in this case.

In the 1930s, several countries ( Poland, Turkey, Denmark, Sweden, Iceland, Mexico ) legalized abortion in some special cases ( rape, threat to mother's health, fetal malformation ).

Treatment with testosterone postnatally does not close the urethra or change the malformation, but in some cases may enlarge the penis slightly.

In both cases, the U. S. was the main donor to inter-African organizations headquartered in Ouagadougou which through sustained efforts have achieved and consolidated these gains.

In other cases results may be written to slower, but cheaper and larger, main memory.

One of the main theses of casuists was the necessity to adapt the rigorous morals of the Early Fathers of Christianity to modern morals, which led in some extreme cases to justify what Innocent XI later called " laxist moral " ( i. e. justification of usury, homicide, regicide, lying through " mental reservation ", adultery and loss of virginity before marriage, etc .— all due cases registered by Pascal in the Provincial Letters ).

Armoured cavalry such as the Byzantine cataphract were used as shock troops — they would charge the main body of the enemy and, in many cases, their actions decided the outcome of the battle, hence the later term " battle cavalry ".

< www. medterms. com / script / main / art. asp? articlekey = 16295 >.</ ref > In addition, increased glycosylation of hemoglobin increases its affinity for oxygen, therefore preventing its release at the tissue and inducing a level of hypoxia in extreme cases.

In some cases, a liberal arts education is provided using the trivium and quadrivium as the main model.

Quasi-judicial institutions, by contrast, make rulings on cases, but these rulings are not in themselves legally binding ; the main example is the individual complaints mechanisms available under the various UN human rights treaties.

A notary's main functions are to administer oaths and affirmations, take affidavits and statutory declarations, witness and authenticate the execution of certain classes of documents, take acknowledgments of deeds and other conveyances, protest notes and bills of exchange, provide notice of foreign drafts, prepare marine or ship's protests in cases of damage, provide exemplifications and notarial copies, and perform certain other official acts depending on the jurisdiction.

Open-wheel car, formula car, or often single-seater car in British English, describes cars with the wheels outside the car's main body and, in most cases, one seat.

The main danger to be guarded against in these cases is that the prosecutor is persuaded to agree to a plea or a basis that is not in the public interest and interests of justice because it does not adequately reflect the seriousness of the offending ... Any plea agreement must reflect the seriousness and extent of the offending and give the court adequate sentencing powers.

Pain is the main reason for visiting the emergency department in more than 50 % of cases and is present in 30 % of family practice visits.

Some bonus rounds are a special session of free spins ( the number of which is often based on the winning combination that triggers the bonus ), often with a different or modified set of winning combinations as the main game, and often with winning credit values increased by a specific multiplier, which is prominently displayed as part of the bonus graphics and / or animation ( which in many cases is of a slightly different design or color scheme from the main game ).

* Tries can be slower in some cases than hash tables for looking up data, especially if the data is directly accessed on a hard disk drive or some other secondary storage device where the random-access time is high compared to main memory.

The main components of the drive system of any electrically powered boat are similar in all cases, and similar to the options available for any electric vehicle.

The Yorkshire pudding is a staple of the British Sunday lunch and in some cases is eaten as a separate course prior to the main meat dish.

The main exception is in insurance bad faith cases in the United States, where the insurer's breach of contract is alleged to be so egregious as to amount to a breach of the " implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing ," and is therefore considered to be a tort cause of action eligible for punitive damages ( in excess of the value of the insurance policy ).

For statistical reasons, the main data series used to research dysmelia cases started by chance at the same time as the approval date for thalidomide.

Phosphorus is often regarded as the main culprit in cases of eutrophication in lakes subjected to " point source " pollution from sewage pipes.

In both cases, the front or main side of the object is the same.

In all cases, the main types of motion are translations, rotations, oscillations, or any combinations of these.

In such cases, gay men and lesbians have become priced-out of the main gay village and move to other, more affordable areas, thereby creating an entirely new gay village, also thereby furthering the process of gentrification by pricing-out long held tenants of these areas.

Aside from scarring, its main effects are psychological, such as reduced self-esteem and in very extreme cases, depression or suicide.